The Spanish American War & Progressive Era Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S., exchanging financial support ($) for the right to “help” countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically, it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin American and the Caribbean

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Cental America by using military force and acting as the police force of the hemisphere

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomacy policy developed by T. Roosevelt, where the “big stick” symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy

Moral or Missionary Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson’s idea of the U.S.’s moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government that was viewed as hostile to American interests, undemocratic or oppressive

Diplomacy

Managing international relations, typically by a country’s representatives abroad

5 "P"s of why America would participate in imperialism

Ports, Profits, Piety, Pride, Power

Ports

Alfred T. Mahan’s idea that you need places to refuel your ships with coal in order to control the seas, and therefore trade

Profits

With industry growing in America we needed access to both resources and markets to sell our goods

Piety

Christianity is a universalizing reigin which means members should spread their faith

Pride

Two ways to look at this: 1. Social Darwinism and Manifest Destiny would say it is our duty to spread what is believed by some to be a superior way of life. 2. Other western powers are grabbing land and we need to compete with them in order to be seen as a power

Causes of the Spanish-American War

1. Maine (the boat that exploded in Havana harbor)

2. Abuses of Cubans

3. Naval Power (Mahan’s ideas about gaining ports)

4. Yellow journalism

5. Insult against the American president (the De Lome Letter)

6. Sugar plantations in Cuba

Which nation did the U.S. need to help Panama gain independence from, in order to dig the canal?

Colombia

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-christian uprising in China (1899-1901) led by the “Boxers,” a secret society, aiming to remoce foreign influence and control in China

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy, announced in 1899, advocating for equal trading rights for all nations in China and the preservation of China’s territorial integrity

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan over territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea, which resulted in Japan’s victory and marjed it rise as a global power

Gentlemen’s Agreement

A 1907 informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan, where Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its citizens to the U.S. in exchange for the desegregation of Japanese students in the U.S. schools

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway completed in 1914 across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly reducing travel time for ships

MAIN causes of WW1

Militarism, Alliance, Imperialism, Nationalism

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepard for war

Alliance of WW1

In WW1, the group of nations-originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by the U.S., Italy, and others that opposed the Central powers. | Central Powers - the group of nations led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire that opposed the Allies

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country or particular nationality

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WW1

The Schlieffen Plan

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts. Take out France first, then turn attention east. Involved in attacking France through Belgium

The Black Hand

Serbian nationalist group responsivle for assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdiand which resulted in the start of WW1

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each form trenches dug in the battlefield

No Man’s Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

‘He kept us out of war”

Wilsonś campaign slogan in 1916 reminded the public that they weren’t entangled in WW1

Selective Service Act (SSA)

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from age 21 ro 30 to register for the military draft

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WW1. (Mass production of weapons, etc.)

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government agency created during WW1 to encourage Americans to support the war. (Headed by George Creel)

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WW1

Great Migration

Mass movement of African American from the rural South into Northern cities betweem 1914 and 1920

Reasons for Great Migration

1. Flee Discrimination

2. Northern job opportunities created by the war (with heavy recruiting by Northern companies)

3. Environmental isses (drought, flood, and boll weevils) destroying crops and economic opportunities in the South

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of WW1 which demanded exorbitant reparations from Germany

War Guilt Clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for WW1

Wilson’s 14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace

Influenza of 1918

The deadliest in history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide-about one-third of the planet’s population, and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims, including some 675,00 Americans

The Lusitania

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship torpedoed by a German U Boat in 1915, resulting in the deaths of 1,198 people and influencing the U.S. descision to join WW1

Zimmermann Note

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing a military alliance against the US during WW1

Machine Gun

A powerful, rapid-firing weapon that changed warfare tactics during WW1, imposing harsh penalties and territorial losses on Germany

Conscientious Objector

An individual who refuses to serve in the military due to personal, moral, or religious beliefs

Bernard baruch

An American financier and industrialist who advised U.S. presidents and led the War Industries Board during WW1 to coordinate the production of war materials

League of Nations

An international organization established after WW1 to promote peace and cooperation among nations, though it failed to prevent the outbreak of WW2

Reparations

Payments made by a defeated nation to compensate for the damage caused during a war, particularly imposed on Germany after WW1 by the Treaty of Versailles

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. Senator and leader of the opposition to the League of Nations, advocating for American isolationism and a refusal to join the Leagie after WW1

Article 10 of the League of Nations Charter

A provision that required member nations to come to the defense of any member that was attacked, a clause that raised concerns in the U.S. Senate over potential entanglement in foregin conflicts

Irreconcilables

A group of U.S. senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, believing it would entangle the U.S. in future international conflicts

The Spanish-American War (1898)

Had significant consequences for both Spain and the U.S.