evaluate levels of processing (LOP) model of memory, including the role of encoding in long-term memory

Who proposed the levels of processing model LOP

Craik and Lockhart 1972

LOP theory

The way info is processed & analysed determines how well it is remembered

Not a theory of memory stores, but of the type of processing that encodes memory

what are the 3 levels of encoding and processing

structural

phonemic

semantic

structural

shallow processing

structural encoding

words learnt by remembering their physical features

upper or lower case - start with vowel or constanant

structural recall

20% of words

Phonemic

moderate processing

phonemic encoding

words learnt by their sounds

phonemic recall

50% words

Semantic

deep processing

semantic encoding

learnt by their meaning

semantic recall

80% of words

Strengths of LOP

good contribution to understanding processes that take place during learning

explanation for anterograde amnesia - shallow processing

limitations of LOP

Circular def

many problems defining deep processing and why its effective- describes rather than explains

Craik and Lockhart conclusion

Memory grows stronger the more effort put into remembering something

Craik and Lockhart procedure

gave participants easy and complex anagrams to remember

found harder participants had to work to solve anagram better they remembered the words