Chapter 4 BIOL 2460

bacteria & archaea (habitats)

ubiquitous

very adaptable & resilient

can switch between metabolic & respiration

habitats (microbes)

carbon & nitrogen fixation

diversity good

habitats (symbiotic relationship)

mutualism - both population benefit

amensalism - 1 harmed 1 unaffected

commensalism - 1 benefitted 1 unaffected

neutralism - both unaffected

parasitism - 1 benefitted 1 harmed

polymicrobial

many live in communities

cooperative (habitats)

biofilm formation

competing (habitats)

scarce resources

microbiome

prokaryotes + eukaryote microbes

resident microbiome

human microbiome

transient microbiome

foreign microbes joining your normal microbiome

many things influence microbiome

diet/genetics/ethnicity can influence you

alphaproteobacteria

oligotroph - live in low nutrient environment

chlamydia & rikettsia - obligate intracellular

chlamydia (Alphaproteobacteria)

causes lymphogranuloma venereum

rikettsia (Alphaproteobacteria)

causes rocky mountain spotted fever & typhus fevers

betaproteobacteria

eutrophs - require many nutrients (copiotrophs)

bordetella & neisseria (gonorrhea & meningitides)

bordetella

causes whopping cough (pertussis) & kennel cough

neisseria gonorrhea

causes gonorhhea STD

Neisseria meningitides

causes bacterial meningitis

gammaproteobacteria

most diverse

pseudomonas aeruginosa, pasteurella haemolytica, haemophilus influenza

pseudomonas aeruginosa

common infection wound, urinary tract, & respiratory tract

pasteurella haemolytica

causes severe pneumonia in animals

Haemophilus influenza

causes upper & lower respiratory infection (does not cause influenza)

vibrio

found in alkaline environment like ocean ports & lagoons

vibrio chloera

causes cholera & common to water contamination

legionella pneumophila

causes legionnaire disease & common to water contamination

enterobacter family

califorms & noncoliforms

noncoliform

fermentation of lactose incomplete or absent

present in 1 and not the other

ex.) acid (yes) gas (no)

coliforms

microbe ferment lactose completely

present in both acid & gas

ex.) e coli, salmonella (cause salmonellosis)

deltaproteobacteria

sulfate reducing bacteria

desulfovibrio

desulfovibrio orale

periodontal disease

epsilonproteobacteria

smallest class, microaerophilic

campylobacter & heliobacter

campylobacter

food poisoning

helicobacter

cause ulcers & stomach cancer in susceptible people

gram-negative nonproteobacteria

spirochetes

CFB group

planctomycetes

spirochetes

gram (-) thin hard to stain & culture

treponema pallidum (syphilis)

borrelia burdorferi-lyme disease

CFB group

cytophaga - glide system for motility

fusobacterium - inhibit mouth causes various oral disease

bacteroides - 30% of gut microbiome

planctomycetes

in aquatic environment (salt, fresh, brackish)

reproduce with budding (sessile/swarmer cell)

sessile cell

immobile with holdfast appendage

swarmer cells

motile

unable to reproduce

phototrophic bacteria

grouped based on function

oxygenic (produce O2)

anoxygenic (does not produce O2)

proteo & non-proteobacteria

cyanobacteria

oxygenic photosynthesizer

purple/green sulfur

which 1 anoxygenic or oxygenic

actinobacteria

high G+C

mycobacterium - causes tuberculosis & leprosy

corynebacterium diphtheria - causes diphtheria

bifidobacterium - filamentous & anaerobic

gardnerella vaginalis - cause bacterial vaginosis

firmicutes

low G+C

clostridium - endospore producer, anaerobic

streptococcus pyogene - pus production, strep throat

streptococcus pneumoniae - causes pneumonia, respiratory infection & other disease

lactobacillus - anaerobic, gut microbiome

genus bacillus - endospore producer

archaea

produce methanogenesis

branched ether linkage