AP US History Chapter 8- Industrial Development

Charles Goodyear

1844- ________ patented the process of vulcanizing rubber (making it stronger, elastic, water & winterproof)

Samuel Slater

1789, ________ arrived in England with a plan of a water- powered spinning machine, planning to build a mill in RI (worked by the "putting- out system- "women weave yarn into clothes at home.

intensive crop

Expanded slavery (Cotton= labor- ________, needed people that were powerless in American society aka.

Mechanization of factories

________- faster produced w /less labor, machines produced standardized parts later assembled by unskilled wage workers.

Congress

________ passed the Tariff of 1816- a tax of 25 cents on every yard of imported cloth (impeded foreign competition= American manufacturers dominate the national market.

Graduation Act of 1854

________- prices of unsold land were to be lowered in stages over thirty years.

Lowell System

The ________- Textile mills in which the mechanized processes of spinning yarn and weaving cloth were brought together.

Water powered mills

________ and coal- powered steam engines- Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution

________- centered on the invention of the steam engine, important.

steam engines water

Mills and factories were initially powered by waterwheels, then coal- fired ________ to coal as energy quickened the growth of industries and initiated Industrial Revolution that would end Britains domination in the global economy.

Mechanical seeders

________ replaced the process of sowing seeds by hand.

Water-powered mills and coal-powered steam engines

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

centered on the invention of the steam engine, important

During the 19th century

new inventions soared, US Patent office approved numerous new inventions by the 1850s compared to the 1800

Mechanization of factories

faster produced w/ less labor, machines produced standardized parts later assembled by unskilled wage workers

Machine-made clothes using standardized forms

fit better, were less expensive

The Cotton GIn

by Whitney, drastically decreased the amount of time needed to separate cotton fibers from seeds

The increased importance of cotton

wealth to southern planters & merchants AND NE textile mill owners and NY shipowners and cotton traders

Southern cotton boom benefited

development of textile mills in NE < expanded shipping fleets of NYC, made southern ports extremely profitable region and nation

Graduation Act of 1854

prices of unsold land were to be lowered in stages over thirty years

Development of durable iron plows (instead of wooden ones)

Jethro Wood in 1819 introduced iron plow with separate, easily-replaceable parts

Vermonter John Deeres steel plow (1837)

sharp edges to cut through tough grass in MW (became widely distributed and made by 1845)

McCormick reapers

Virginian Cyprus Hall McCormick invented a mechanical reaper pulled by horses to harvest wheat

1789, Samuel Slater arrived in England with a plan of a water-powered spinning machine, planning to build a mill in RI (worked by the "putting-out system"

women weave yarn into clothes at home

The Lowell System

Textile mills in which the mechanized processes of spinning yarn and weaving cloth were brought together

1822

Boston Associates led by Francis Cabot Lowell developed another cotton mill, which became a model for mill towns throughout NE

Sought to improve industrial efficiency and develop ideal industrial communities (avoid terrible conditions of overcrowded English textile mills

countryside plus flowerbeds)

1834

Lowell women went on strike to protest wage cuts and deteriorating working and living conditions (women lost), two years later the workers walked out again to protest rent increases in boarding houses (owners backed out)

A profusion of fams (to harness water to turn mill wheels) flooded pastures, decreased fish populations, rapid urban growth

river pollution

newspapers magazines

Machine- made ________ were more abundant and affordable (as well as clocks, watches, plows, guns, etc)

harsh conditions

Enslaved people- who suffered through ________ and abuse- enslaved people became more valuable.

1846

________- Elias Howe patented the sewing machine design, later improved on by Issac Singer (founded a company, initially produced only industrial sewing machines in textile mills, offered home use sewing machines, increasing the leisure time for many women (decreased time sewing)

Britains advantage

________ was mainly the steam engine (1705), improved by James Watt (1765), and other carefully guarded inventions that mechanized the production of textiles (guarded industrial secrets, forbid the export of machines or publicans of descriptions, restricted emigration of skilled mechanics)

1844

Charles Goodyear patented the process of vulcanizing rubber (making it stronger, elastic, water & winterproof)

1846

Elias Howe patented the sewing machine design, later improved on by Issac Singer (founded a company, initially produced only industrial sewing machines in textile mills, offered home use sewing machines, increasing the leisure time for many women (decreased time sewing)

Many men migrated west, and a lot of women in NE (where factories were), viewed jobs as temporary

women were paid to work, and provided food and boarding houses

The idea initially worked but grew corrupt due to the accumulation of unbelievable profits by owners

too many textile workers-> overproduction-> decreased prices -> decreased wages & quickened pace of work