C++ flashcards (copy)

To be prepared for classes

Computer is

Programmable machine designed to follow instructions

Program is

Instructions in computer memory to make it do something

Programmer is

Person who writes instructions to make computer perform a task

Main Hardware Components Categories:

Central Processing Unit (CPU), Main and Secondary Memory, Input and Output Devices

Cental Processing Unit is

Brain part, controls each process and communicates to the components to execute instructions

Random Access Memory (RAM) is

Main Memory/Computer hardware that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code

Motherboard is

Main circuit board that holds each part of the computer and connect it to each other

Main Memory is

Fast memory that will be erased when the program terminates or computer turns off

Main Memory Address is

Main Memory organized with bits (byte = 8 bit). Bytes have addresses. Each byte in memory identified by a unique number known as address

Compiler is

Translater that translates high-level source code (human understandable) into low-level object code (computer understandable)

Secondary Memory is

Permanent memory that saves your data in PC

Input devices are

Devices that send information to the computer from the outside

Output devices are

Devices that receive information from the computer to the user

Types of programming languages:

Low-level, Middle-level, Highlevel

Low-level languages are

Can be understood by the machine only. Very hard to learn by human. Machine Architecture depending languages (Assembly)

Middle-level languages are

Staks in between high and low levels languages (C, Pascal)

High-level languages are

Can be understood by human only. Easy to learn by human. Not Machine Architecture depending languages (C++, Java, Python, C#)

Categories of software:

System software - programs that manage the computer hardware (operating systems, software development tools)

Application software - programs that provide services to the user (games, word processing)

Binary numbers are

Machine language instructions (10100..)

Syntax is

The rules of grammar that must be followed when writing a program

Punctuation is

Characters that mark the end of a statement

Operators are

Arithmetic operations to work with (add, substract, decimal, multiply, ..)

Key words are

Reserved words that can’t be used for any other purposes (int, return, namespace, ..)

Variables are

Named links to the memory for holding data. Must be defined before it can be used

Procedural programming -

Solves the problem from the top of the code down to the bottom (C, Pascal)

Object-Oriented programming

Uses classes and objects (calls methods to do something) (Java, C++, Python)

Algorithm is

Formula that used for solving a problem

Identifier is

Programmer-defined name for some part of a program (variables, functions, ..)

Literal is

A value that is written into a program’s code (12, “hello”, 3.5)

Return 0; is

Statement that used to exit the main function. Returning 0 typically indicates that the program has executed successfully

cout

« ““ « endl; Outputs the result

cin

» variable; Used to take input from the user

Rules of naming identifiers in C++

1) Must start with a latter or an underscore

2) Can contain letter, digits and underscores after the first character

3) Case-sensitive (age, Age and aGe are different)

4) Can’t reserve keywords (int, return, ..)

5) Avoid starting with an underscore followed by an uppercase letter (reserved for implementation)