Human Development and Aging Finals Review

Primary sex characteristics

Changes in reproductive organs, such as the uterus in females and testes in males.

Distalproximal development

Growth proceeds from the extremities (hands and feet) toward the torso.

Secondary sex characteristics

Visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction, such as breast development.

What triggers acne?

Overactive sebaceous (oil-producing) glands triggered by hormonal changes.

Anorexia Nervosa (DSM-5 definition)

Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight.

Binge eating vs. compensatory behaviors

Binge eating is overconsumption; compensatory behaviors (purging, fasting) prevent weight gain.

Binge-Eating Disorder vs. Bulimia

Binge-Eating Disorder does not involve the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors.

Atypical Anorexia

The individual meets anorexia criteria but remains at or above normal weight.

Gender Identity

A person's sense of self as a member of a particular gender.

Gender Socialization

The process by which children learn about gender from society, peers, media, and institutions.

Peak physical age

Early twenties.

Presbyopia

Decreased ability to focus on close objects in middle adulthood.

Middle adulthood health risks

Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and high blood pressure (hypertension).

Sexual response cycle phases

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Oxytocin

A hormone that plays a major role in bonding and emotional connection.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) function

It triggers egg maturity and is responsible for ovulation.

Sexual Orientation

An emotional and sexual attraction to a particular gender and related sense of identity.

Kinsey Scale

A range from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive same-sex attraction.

Asexuality

A distinct sexual orientation characterized by having no sexual attraction to any gender.

Heteronormativity

The societal support of heterosexuality as the default norm.

Openness (Big Five)

An appreciation for art, unusual ideas, imagination, and variety of experience.

Conscientiousness

The Big Five trait associated with self-discipline, organization, and goal-directed behavior.

Extraversion

The tendency to seek out stimulation, the company of others, and positive emotions.

Agreeableness

Being compassionate, cooperative, and valuing getting along with others.

Neuroticism

The tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, or depression.

Secure Attachment (Adult)

Finding it easy to get close to others and feeling comfortable depending on them.

Anxious Attachment (Adult)

A constant worry that partners do not really love them or will not stay.

Bartholomew's attachment dimensions

Attachment-related anxiety and attachment-related avoidance.

Dismissing-Avoidant Attachment

Low anxiety, high avoidance; the individual dismisses the importance of close relationships.

Primary Aging

Biological aging factors like molecular changes and oxidative damage that occur naturally.

Secondary Aging

Aging that occurs due to controllable factors like lifestyle, lack of exercise, or diet.

Why hair turns gray

Follicles produce less melanin over time.

Menopause

The cessation of menstruation for at least 12 consecutive months.

Perimenopause

A transitional period where estrogen and progesterone levels decrease before menopause.

Type A Behavior Pattern

A behavior pattern characterized by hostility, impatience, and urgency.

Generativity (Erikson)

Leaving a positive legacy through procreativity, productivity, and creativity.

Virtue of Generativity vs. Stagnation

Care.

Young-old age range

65 to 74 years of age.

Young-old vs. Old-old

Young-old are healthy and independent; old-old (75-84) experience chronic physical impairments.

Centenarian

An individual who has lived to be 100 years of age or older.

Programmed Theories of aging

A biological timetable or genetic expression that follows a specific schedule.

Damage Theories of aging

Environmental factors that cause cumulative, accidental damage to organisms.

Telomeres

DNA sequences at chromosome ends that shorten each time a cell replicates.

Cellular Senescence

A state where a cell can no longer divide, increasing disease risk.

Metabolism with age

Life-sustaining activities of the body slow down over time.

Cardiovascular changes in older age

The heart muscles thicken and the arteries become less flexible.

Successful Aging (Rowe & Kahn)

Avoidance of disease, high cognitive/physical functioning, and active engagement with life.

Muscle Dysmorphia

An extreme desire to increase muscularity, linked with a distorted body image.

Anorexia Nervosa mortality

It has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder.

Purging health risks

Electrolyte and chemical imbalances that can affect the heart and major organs.

Prenatal gender socialization

Parents forming images of the child's appearance/behavior once biological sex is known.

Sarcopenia

The age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

Hookups

Uncommitted sexual encounters ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse.

Primary cause of skin aging

Years of exposure to the sun.

Skin tags

Small, flesh-colored, raised skin growths that are common and harmless in older age.

Male eating disorder stigma

Cultural expectations of self-reliance and the stigma of homosexual associations.

Highest risk age for child abuse

Victims in their first year of life.

Child abuse perpetrator statistics

Parents make up approximately 71.8% of perpetrators.

Incest

Sexual contact between a child and family members.

Psychological effects of abuse

Feelings of self-blame, betrayal, shame, and guilt.

Plateau phase function

A period of increased heart rate and circulation setting the stage for orgasm.

Pansexuality

Attraction to individuals of any sex or gender.

Panromantic

Romantic attraction to individuals of all sexes and genders.

Preoccupied Attachment Style

Low in avoidance, high in anxiety; prone to jealousy and relationship worry.

Fearful-Avoidant Attachment

High in both avoidance and anxiety; wants closeness but fears it.

Personality trait changes in adulthood

Neuroticism and openness decrease, while conscientiousness increases.

Climacteric

The midlife transition where fertility declines in both men and women.

Type B Behavior Pattern

The absence of Type A characteristics; generally relaxed and less hostile.

Stagnation (Erikson)

A lack of involvement in generative matters, leading to redirected energy.

Old-old age range

85 to 99 years of age.

Organ aging pattern

Varies significantly from individual to individual and organ to organ.

Osteopenia vs. Osteoporosis

Osteopenia is the early stage of bone loss; osteoporosis is the later stage.

Middle/late adulthood fat distribution

Body fat goes up steadily and builds up toward the center of the body.

Nail changes with age

Toenails become hard and thick, and lengthwise ridges may develop.

Family-based therapy for eating disorders

Treatment where parents actively assume responsibility for feeding the child.

Senescent cells

Cells that can no longer divide, contributing to increased disease risk.

SRY gene

Initiates events leading to the development of male sex characteristics.

Longest documented human lifespan

122 years and 164 days.