heart patho

(echocardiography)

it is an noninvasive sonographic ultrasound that uses (2-D echo) provides detailed information about heart anatomy, function, and vessel patency.

nuclear cardiology

• it is an imaging technique that includes myocardial perfusion scans, gated cardiac blood pool scans, and PET scan.

• useful in assessing coronary artery disease (CAD), congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

it is a noninvasive modality used to assess cardiac and vascular disease, and CTA.

M-mode echocardiography

• it uses a stationary ultrasound beam to provide examination of the atria, ventricles, heart valves and aortic root, allowing evaluation of left ventricular function.

motion

what does the “M” stands for M-mode echocardiography?

Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

• is a specialized type of echocardiogram that uses ultrasound.

• in which the patient swallows mobile, flexible probe containing the transducer.

• with this heart’s structures can be readily visualized without interference from such structures as skin.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

• common in premature infants, occurring in approximately 80% of infants born before 28 weeks of gestation, especially in those with respiratory distress syndrome.

• it is a temporary vessel that is used during in utero life shunts blood from the pulmonary artery into the systemic

  circulation.

Coarctation of the Aorta

• Narrowing of the aorta

• More common in boys

• blood flow to the abdomen and lower extremities is compromised, and the femoral pulse is very weak in most individuals with this anomaly.

Septal Defects

• a defect in either the ventricular septum or the atrial septum allows the blood to be shunted between the two chambers mixing pulmonary and systemic blood.

• the shunting of the blood results in an enlargement of the right side of the heart and increased pulmonary vascularity

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

it is defects between the two ventricles and are more serious because of the pressure is greater between the ventricles than the atria.

Atrial septal defects

• are the most common congenital

  heart defect, responsible for about 10% of all cases of congenital heart disease.

Transposition of the Great Vessels

• it is an anomaly in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle instead of the right ventricle.

• balloon septostomy

what must be performed to enlarge the opening between the atria to increase mixing of venous and arterial blood and to decompress the left atrium.

Tetralogy of Fallot

• it is a combination of four defects:

(1) pulmonary stenosis,

(2) ventricular septal defect,

(3) overriding aorta, and

(4) hypertrophy of the right ventricle

rheumatic fever.

• The most common cause of chronic valve disease of the heart.

• Most frequently affects the bicuspid (mitral) and aortic valves and is

  more common in women than in men.

• produces inflammatory changes within connective tissue of the body.

Valvular stenosis

• is caused by scarring of any valve cusps that eventually adhere to one another.

• It can affect any of the four heart valves: the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, or mitral valve.

Mitral valve stenosis

• this scarring inhibits blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

• it can slows the blood flow through the lungs and right side of the heart.

Congestive heart failure

• heart is unable to propel blood at a sufficient rate and volume.

• This results in congestion of the circulatory subsystems and does not allow a sufficient supply of blood to reach the tissues of the body.

• Most commonly caused by hypertension.

Left-Sided Failure

left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous return in the right ventricle, the pulmonary circulatory subsystem becomes overloaded.

 Individuals complain: of difficulty breathing or shortness of breath on exertion and respiratory distress severe enough to awaken them during the night.

Right-Sided Failure

occurs when the right ventricle cannot pump as much blood as it receives from the right atrium, causes the venous blood flow to slow down.

 complaint from individuals with right-sided failure is swelling of the ankles.

Atherosclerosis

a degenerative condition that affects the major arteries of the body, often termed hardening of the arteries.

• tend to affects men at earlier age compared with women.

• may occur in any artery.

Atheroma formations

a formation composed of intracellular and extracellular lipids, muscle, and connective tissue.

Cor pulmonale

results from lung disorder producing hypertension in the pulmonary artery and an enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart.

Coronary Artery Disease

• results from the deposition of atheromas in the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

• blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia.

angiography

• a procedure commonly performed to evaluate cardiovascular disease.

• may be performed for diagnostic purposes or for therapeutic reasons.

myocardial infraction (MI)

• caused by an acute thrombus of the coronary arteries and primarily affects the left ventricle of the heart.

• symptoms: sudden onset of severe, crushing chest pain.

Aneurysms

• A localized “ballooning” or outpouching of a vessel wall

• Results when the vessel wall has been weakened.

• atherosclerotic disease, trauma, infection, or congenital defects

Venous Thrombosis

• formation of blood clots within a vein

• clots commonly form in the veins of the lower extremities and result from a slowing of the blood return to the heart

pulmonary embolism

complication associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the development of?

Pulmonary emboli

occurs when a blood clot forms or becomes lodged in a pulmonary artery