AP Biology Unit 2 - Organelles Quiz

Basal Bodies

found at the base of cilia and flagella; made of microtubule triplets; they organize microtubules to power movement

Carotenoids

pigments embedded in thylakoid membranes; lipid-soluble molecules that capture extra light energy and protect chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

a green pigment in thylakoid membranes; a porphyrin ring with magnesium that absorbs light for photosynthesis

Chloroplast

organelles in plant and algal cytoplasm; with double membranes, stroma, and thylakoids; they carry out photosynthesis

Chromatin

uncoiled DNA wrapped around histones in the nucleus; stores genetic information and allows gene expression

Chromosomes

condensed chromatin in the nucleus during division; thread-like structures carrying genes for inheritance

Cilia

short, hair-like projections on the cell surface; built from a 9+2 microtubule arrangement; they move the cell or sweep fluids

Cytoplasm

the fluid-filled space inside the plasma membrane; a gel of cytosol and organelles where reactions take place

Cytoskeleton

a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm; gives structure, transport paths, and movement

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a folded membrane network around the nucleus; rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies

Flagella

long, whip-like extensions from the cell surface; built on a 9+2 microtubule structure; they propel cells

Golgi Apparatus

flattened, stacked sacs near the ER; they modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for transport

Grana

stacks of thylakoid disks inside chloroplasts; increase surface area to capture light energy

Lysosomes

membrane-bound vesicles in the cytoplasm of animal cells; filled with enzymes to digest and recycle material

Microfilaments

thin actin fibers in the cytoskeleton; support cell shape, aid in movement, and help with contraction

Microtubules

hollow tubes of tubulin in the cytoskeleton; provide tracks for transport, spindle fibers for division, and structural support

Mitochondria

double-membraned organelles in the cytoplasm; with folded cristae and matrix; they generate ATP through respiration

Nuclear Envelope

a double membrane around the nucleus with pores; protects DNA while controlling traffic in and out

Nucleolus

a dense body inside the nucleus; made of RNA and proteins; it produces ribosome subunits

Nucleoplasm

the gel-like fluid inside the nucleus; it suspends chromatin and the nucleolus

Peroxisomes

small, enzyme-filled vesicles in the cytoplasm; break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances

Ribosomes

tiny structures in the cytoplasm or on rough ER; made of rRNA and proteins; they assemble amino acids into proteins

Thylakoid Disks

flattened sacs in chloroplasts; house pigments and electron transport chains for the light reactions

Vacuoles

membrane sacs in the cytoplasm (large and central in plants); store water, nutrients, or waste and maintain pressure