AP World History: Unit 2

the cause and effect cards are about the poltiical fragmentation of the Abbasid Dynasty

Merchants were highly respected in Islam (Muhammad was a merchant). More Muslim merchants were on the Silk Roads.

Effects

• caravanserai built on Silk Roads to protect merchants

Further effects

• Turks converted to Sunni Islam due to caravanserai and merchants

The use of mamluks (Turkish soldiers raised in the Abbasid Caliphate) in the Abbasid court

Effects

• Buyids (advisors to the khalifa) get mamluks and dominate Persia; ignore khalifa → beginning of decentralization of the Abbasid Caliphate

Further effects

• decentralization → fragmentation

  • regional governors become independent rulers

• Mamluks gain power → Mamluk leader becomes sultan (Mamluk Sultanate)

• Ghaznavid sultans rely on mamluks → process repeats

Seljuk Turks convert to Islam

Effects

• Christian Byzantine emperors attack the Seljuks

• Seljuks become powerful and unite under their own sultan

Further effects

• Seljuks overwhelm smaller mamluk forces → Ghaznavids and Buyids fall

• 1050 CE: Seljuks dominate Middle East, especially Baghdad and Abbasid Khalifas

Seljuks defeat Byzantines

Effects

• Byzantine empire enlists the Pope’s help

• Pope sends the 1st crusade

Further effects

• Western European crusaders attack Byzantine Empire and Jerusalem (not the Seljuks)

• Byzantine Empire weakens

Saladin and his Ayyubid (capital: Cairo) successors use mamluks to push back crusaders

Effects

• Ayyubid heir murdered by Mamluk

• Mamluk Sultanate

Further effects

• Mamluks maintained Islam in the Middle East

  • defeated Mongols and crusaders

  • protected Mecca and Abbasid khalifas

Climate of the steppes prevented agriculture

Effects

• reliance on animals

  • wool for yurts

  • kumiss (fermented mare’s milk)

• reliance on trade

Women had higher status in nomadic societies than in agricultural ones

Effects

• occasionally rulers/regents

• influential as advisors

Islam was introduced to the Turks

Effects

• earliest converts: Turks captured in Abbasid border raids

• Seljuks convert to Islam

• expansion grew as groups of people were assigned to khans

A group of Turks invade South Asia

Effects

• Mahmud of Ghazni led the Ghaznavid Turks in plundering South Asia

• 13th century: Sultanate of Delhi throughout all of North India

• repression of Hinduism and Buddhism (destroying religious sites, slaughters)

Before the Mongols rose

Weakening of major empires

• Byzantine Empire weakening by 1000s

• Crusades weakened Muslim power

• Song dynasty had declined → decentralization of China

Traits of the early Mongol Empire

• Uighur script → Mongolian alphabet

• gunpowder

• taxation by bureaucracy

Early development of the Mongol Empire

• 1218: Mongol conquest of Qara Khitai

  • showed Mongol policy of religious freedom (as proclaimed by general Jebe)

• Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire (Afghanistan)

Interactions with Europe and Middle East

• Siege of Kiev (1240) by Mongke

• Siege of Baghdad (1258) by Hulegu

Interactions with China

• Kublai: great khan, rules in Beijing (Khanbaliq)

• conquered China

• Kublai’s death → decentralization of the Mongol Empire

Integration of Eurasia

• Mongol ruling elite followed Buddhism (Tibetan)

• courier network throughout the empire

• Golden Passport: merchants travelled safely on Silk Roads

• emphasis on diplomatic communication (ie Rabban Sauma)

Decline of the Mongol Emprie

Ilkhanate (Persia)

• overspending → paper money (backfired) + decentralization + no Mongol heir

Yuan Dynasty

• public loss of confidence in paper money + infighting

• 1340s: peasant rebellion → capture of Khanbaliq → Mongols retreat to steppes

Bubonic plague

• → depopulation, labor shortages

• khanate of the Golden Horde maintains power until 16th century (due to Russian state)

Tamerlane

• founder of the Timurid empire

• late 14th century: extended authority through Chagatai khanate, built capital @ Samarkand

• conquered Delhi

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

• founded by Osman in 1299

• rise in late 14th and early 15th century halted by Tamerlane; recovery in 1440s

• 1453: Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople

Economy of medieval Italy

• Venice: rich due to Silk Roads

• bills of exchange (substitute for loans)

• banking houses

Yuan Dynasty

• Mongols distrusted Chinese people → non-Chinese prominent in government (ie Marco Polo)

• infrastructure, helped peasants

• paper money

Context of ibn Battuta’s upbringing

• qadi: judge of Islamic law

• Muslim travelers developed methods of credit

• Sufi Islam: an effort to experience god

  • ascetic

  • real jihad: to overcome selfish desires

  • Sufi mystics: guides to experiencing God

Islam’s spread in Spain and West Africa

Spain

• Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Granada

• Islam and Greek philosophy: sources of knowledge

• Reconquista → intolerance of Muslims and Jews

West Africa

• Mali Empire

Origins of Bubonic plague

• Yunan (S.W China)

• spread to the interior of China via Mongol mil. campaigns

• spread via trade; 1340s: Italian merchants spread it through the Mediterranean

Socio-economic effects of the Black Death

• labor shortages → social unrest

• urban workers demanded better conditions and wages → repression from political authorities and landlords

• rebellions

Economic and political recovery

• development of financial sources (ie taxes) supplemented rulers’ incomes

• maintenance of large standing armies + gunpowder weapons strengthened political power

• Italian monarchs strengthened authority via long-term bonds

• Catholic Monarchs finished the Reconquista in 1492

Ivan the Great (1462-1505)

• declared Russia independent from the Mongol Empire

• Moscow → center of a large state

• declared himself tsar

Renaissance

• 14th-16th period of flourishing art and philosophy

• Leonardo de Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarotti

• Humanism: one can be virtuous while actively participating in worldly affairs

• increased prosperity + curiosity of the world → expeditions to explore beyond Europe