Unit 2 Exam

Everything required to know for Exam 2

What are Muscles general function?

Movement, Stability, and Contraction

What are the “rules” of Muscles?

1. They can only pull, cannot push

2. In order to move something, they must cross a joint

3. Contracts in one direction

What are Tissues?

Groups of cells or their products that perform a specific function

What are the 4 main Tissue groups?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Layers of closely packed cells

What is Epithelial Tissue’s function?

1. Covers organ surface or form glands

2. Composes the skin

3. Protection, Secretion, and Absorption

How is Epithelial Tissue classified?

1. Number of cell layers

2. Cell shape

What is Connective Tissue?

Cells that occupy less space than the extracellular material

What are the 3 common components of Connective Tissue?

1. Cells

2. Protein Fibers

3. Ground Substance (protein + carbs + water)

What is the function of Connective Tissue?

Supports, Protects, Binds Organs together, and Storage

Where is Connective Tissue found in the body?

Tendons/Ligaments, Dermis, Blood, and Bones

What is Muscle Tissue?

Specialized cells that contract when stimulated

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

What is the function of Muscle Tissue?

Moves the skeleton and makes up organ walls

What is Nervous Tissue?

Cells specialized for communication via electrical/chemical signals

What is the function of Nervous Tissue?

Detects stimuli, transmits information, and supports/protects neurons

Where is Nervous Tissue located in the body?

Brain and Spinal cord

What are the 3 main layers of blood Vessels?

1. Tunica Externa

2. Tunica Media

3. Tunica Intima

What is the Tunica Externa?

Composition?

Function?

1. Outermost layer of blood vessels

2. Made of collagen and elastic fibers

3. Anchors the Vessel

What is the Tunica Media?

Composition?

Function?

1. Middle layer of blood vessels

2. Made of concentric sheets of smooth muscles

3. Reduces/increases diameter of vessels (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

What is the Tunica Interna?

Composition?

Function?

1. Innermost Layer

2. Made of collagen and elastic fibers

3. Structural support

What are the 3 classifications of Arteries?

1. Elastic Arteries

2. Muscular Arteries

3. Arterioles

What are Elastic Arteries?

Composition?

Function?

1. Arteries that transport blood away from the heart to smaller vessels

2. Made of elastic fibers

3. Able to withstand pressure

What are Muscular Arteries?

Composition?

Function?

1. Arteries that distribute blood to skeletal muscles and organs

2. Made of smooth muscle cells

3. Distributes blood to organs/tissues

What are Arterioles?

Composition?

Function?

1. Connectors between arteries and capillaries

2. Muscle fibers made of smooth muscle, connective tissue, and elastic tissue

3. Regulates arterial pressure and tissue perfusion

What are Veins?

Composition?

1. Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart

2. Thin-walled compared to arteries and have large Lumen and valves

What are Venules?

Connectors between veins and capillaries that recieve blood

What are Capillaries?

Very thin-walled vessels that allows exchange between surrounding tissues/organs and connects arterioles/venules

What are the 5 Vasculature patterns/structures?

1. Circumflex

2. Perorating

3. Anastomosis

4. Collateral Circulation

5. Recurrent

What is Circumflex Vasculature?

Arteries that “go around” extremities

What is Perforating Vasculature?

Blood flow from one side of an extremity to the other

What is Anastomosis Vasculature?

A direct connection between two vessels without passing through a capillary bed

What is Collateral Circulation Vasculature?

An alternate vasculature pathway to body and Joints

What is Recurrent Vasculature?

Vessels that allow blood to travel back to a Joint or structure

What are Deep Veins?

Veins that share same name as Arteries

What are Superficial Veins?

Veins that empty into deep veins and are usually uniquely named

What is the Brachial Plexus?

Network of nerves located in the arm

What are the 5 categories of the Brachial Plexus?

1. Roots

2. Trunks

3. Divisions

4. Cords

5. Branches

What are the Roots?

Ventral Rami located between C5-T1

What are the 3 Trunks?

1. Upper

2. Middle

3. Lower

What are the 2 Divisions?

What do they do?

1. Anterior: Supplies flexors (anterior arm/forearm muscles)

2. Posterior: Supplies Extensors (posterior arm/forearm muscles)

What are the 3 Cords?

1. Lateral Cord

2. Medial Cord

3. Posterior Cord

What are the 5 Branches?

1. Musculocutaneous N

2. Median N

3. Ulnar N

4. Axillary N

5. Radial N

What Muscles make up the Anterior Arm?

1. Biceps Brachii M (Short and Long Head)

2. Coracobrachialis M

3. Brachialis M

What are the functions of Biceps Brachii and Brachialis MM?

Flexes the forearm

What are the Functions of Coracobrachialis M?

Adducts and Flexes arm

What Nerve innervates the Anterior Arm?

Musculocutaneous N

What Muscles make up the Posterior Forearm?

1. Brachioradialis M
2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus M
3. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis M
4. Extensor Digitorum M
5. Extensor Digiti Minimi M
6. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M
7. Supinator M
8. Abductor Pollicis Longus M
9. Extensor Pollicis Brevis M
10. Extensor Pollicis Longus M
11. Extensor Indicis M

What Nerve innervates the Posterior Forearm?

Radial N

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles ORIGINATE on the Humerus?

1. Brachioradialis M

2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus M

3. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis M

4. Extensor Digitorum M

5. Extensor Digiti Minimi M

6. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles ORIGINATE on the Ulna?

1. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M

2. Extensor Pollicis Brevis M

3. Extensor Pollicis Longus M

4. Extensor Indicis M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscle ORIGINATE on the Radius?

1. Abductor Pollicis Longus M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscle INSERT on the Radius?

1. Brachioradialis M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles INSERT on the Metacarpals?

1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus M (2nd Metacarpal)

2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis M (3rd Metacarpal)

3. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M (5th Metacarpal)

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles INSERT on the Phalanges?

1. Extensor Digitorum M (Digits 2-5)

2. Extensor Digiti Minimi M (Digit 5)

3. Abductor Pollicis Longus M (Digit 1)

4. Extensor Pollicis Brevis M (Digit 1)

5. Extensor Pollicis Longus M (Digit 1)

6. Extensor Indicis M (Digit 2)

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles FLEXES the forearm?

1. Brachioradialis M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles EXTENDS the wrist?

1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus M

2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis M

3. Extensor Digitorum M

4. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles ABDUCTS the wrist?

1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus M

2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscle ADDUCTS the wrist?

1. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris M

Which Posterior Forearm Muscles EXTENDS the digits?

1. Extensor Digitorum M (Digits 2-5)

2. Extensor Digiti Minimi M (Digit 5 only)

3. Extensor Pollicis Brevis M (Digit 1 only)

4. Extensor Pollicis Longus M (Digit 1 only)

5. Extensor Indicis M (Digit 2 only)

Which Muscles make up the Anterior Thigh?

1. Sartorius M

2. Tensor Fascia Latae M

3. Rectus Femoris M

4. Vastus Medialis M

5. Vastus Lateralis M

6. Vastus Intermedius M

What innervates the Anterior Thigh?

Femoral N

What Muscle FLEXES Thigh, LATERALLY Rotates Thigh, and FLEXES Leg?

Sartorius M

What Muscle FLEXES the Hip?

Rectus Femoris M

What Muscles EXTEND the Knee?

1. Rectus Femoris M

2. Vastus Medialis M

3. Vastus Lateralis M

4. Vastus Intermedius M

Which Muscles EXTEND the Leg?

1. Vastus Medialis M

2. Vastus Lateralis M

3. Vastus Intermedius M

Which Muscle MEDIALLY Rotates Thigh and ABDUCTS Thigh?

Tensor Fascia Latae M

Which Muscle ORIGINATES on the Iliac Spine and INSERTS on the Patella?

Rectus Femoris M

Which Muscles form the Quadriceps Femoris (Quads)?

1. Rectus Femoris M

2. Vastus Medialis M

3. Vastus Lateralis M

4. Vastus Intermedius M

Which Muscles make up the Medial Thigh?

1. Adductor Longus M

2. Adductor Brevis M

3. Adductor Magnus M

4. Pectineus M

5. Gracilis M

Which Nerve innervates the Medial Thigh?

Obturator N

Which Muscles FLEXES and ADDUCTS the Hip?

1. Adductor Longus M

2. Adductor Brevis M

3. Adductor Magnus M

4. Pectineus M

5. Gracilis M

Which Muscle EXTENDS and LATERALLY Rotates Hip?

Adductor Magnus

Which Muscle FLEXES the Leg?

Gracilis M

Which Muscle ORIGINATES on the Pubic Region and INSERTS on the Femur?

Adductor Longus M

Which Muscles make up the Anterior Leg?

1. Tibialis Anterior M

2. Extensor Digitorum Longus M

3. Extensor Hallucis Longus M

What Nerve innervates the Anterior Leg?

Deep Fibular N

What Muscles Dorsiflexes the Foot?

1. Tibialis Anterior M

2. Extensor Digitorum M

3. Extensor Hallucis M

Which Muscle INVERTS the foot?

Tibialis Anterior M

Which Muscles EXTENDS the foot digits?

1. Extensor Digitorum Longus M (Digits 2-5)

2. Extensor Hallucis Longus M (Digit 1)

What are the Arteries of the Arm and Forearm? (In Blood flow Order)

1. Subclavian A

2. Axillary A

3. Thoracoacromial A

4. Lateral Thoracic A

5. Subscapular A

6. Brachial A

7. Radial A → Deep Palmer Arch

8. Ulnar A → Superficial Palmer Arch

What are the Arteries of the Thigh and Leg? (In Blood Flow Order)

1. Femoral A

2. Popliteal A

3. Anterior Tibial A → Dorsalis Pedis A

4. Posterior Tibial A → Fibular A

What Muscles make up the Posterior Arm?

1. Triceps Brachii M Long Head

2. Triceps Brachii M Lateral Head

3. Triceps Brachii M Medial Head

What Nerve Innervates the Posterior Arm?

Radial N

Which Muscle ORIGINATES on the Infraglenoid Tubercle?

Triceps Brachii M Long Head

Which Muscles INSERT on the Olecranon (Ulna)?

1. Triceps Brachii M Long Head

2. Triceps Brachii M Lateral Head

3. Triceps Brachii M Medial Head

Which Muscles make up the Anterior Forearm?

1. Pronator Teres M

2. Flexor Carpi Radialis M

3. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis M

4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris M

5. Flexor Digitorum Profundus M

6. Flexor Pollicis Longus M

7. Pronator Quadratus M

Which Nerve MOSTLY innervates the Anterior Forearm?

Median N

What 2 Muscles are innervated by the Ulnar N?

1. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris M

2. Flexor Digitorum Profundus M (Only half)

What is ORIGIN of most Anterior Forearm Muscles?

Humerus

What is the INSERTIONS of most Anterior Forearm Muscles?

Carpals, Metacarpals, or Phalanges

Which Muscles PRONATE the Forearm?

1. Pronator Teres M

2. Pronator Quadratus M

Which Muscles FLEXES the Wrist?

1. Flexor Carpi Radialis M

2. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris M

Which Muscle ABDUCTS the Wrist?

Flexor Carpi Radialis M

Which Muscle ADDUCTS the Wrist?

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris M

Which Muscles FLEXES the Digits?

1. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis M (Digits 2-5)

2. Flexor Pollicis Longus M (Digit 1)

Which Muscle CURLS the Fingers?

Flexor Digitorum Profundus M

What Muscles make up the Posterior Thigh?

1. Biceps Femoris M Long Head

2. Biceps Femoris M Short Head

3. Semitendinosus M

4. Semimembranosus M

Which Muscle ORIGINATES on the Os Coxae and INSERTS on the Tibia?

Semitendinosus M

What Nerve innervates the Posterior Thigh?

Sciatic N