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Directional Selection
One end of phenotypic range is selected against, population mean is the same and variation decreases/same
Disruptive Selection
Middle of phenotypic range is selected against, population mean same and variation increases
Stabilizing Selection
Both extremes of phenotypic range and selected against, population mean same and variation decreases
Balancing Selection
Both alleles are favored
Heterozygote Advantage
Heterozygous phenotype is most advantageous
Frequency-dependent Selection
Rare phenotypes are favored
Male Competition
Males fight for female access (intrasexual selection)
Female Choice
Females choose competing males (intersexual selection)
Sexual Dimorphism
Phenotype difference between males and females of a species
Population
Group of species in the same place
Gene pool
All alleles in a population
Allele frequency
Proportion of each allele in a gene pool
Geographic Variation
Allele frequentcy varies in different populations of a species
Allele Frequency Equation
freq(A) = 2(#AA)+(Aa)/2(population)
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies of a population over generations
p
frequency of dominant allele
q
frequency of recessive alleles
HWE
Equilibrium implying no evolution in a population
What are the 5 assumptions of HWE
Random mating
No selection
No migration
No mutation
Large population size
What can be assumed with HWE
AA =p²
Aa = 2pq
aa = q²
Mechanisms of Evolution
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Random allele frequencies changes due to non-mating (random events)
Founder Effect
Type of genetic drift, few individuals leave to form a new population
Bottleneck Effect
Type of genetic drift, massive die off shrinks population
Gene Flow
Migration
Chi²
(O-E)²/E
Alternative Hypothesis
The tested hypothesis
Null hypothesis
The opposite of the alternative hypothesis
