AP Human Geography Semester Review Units 1-3

site

internal physical attributes of a place including its absolute location, spatial character, and physical setting

situation

external locational attributes of a place. its relative location or regional position with reference to other non local places

(a place in reference to others )

location

first theme of geography: the geographical situation of people and things

region

an area of earth's surface marked as a formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon

vernacular/perceptual regions

region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a demarcated entity (region not formally established but still commonly known)

formal region

a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena (defined formally by the government)

functional region

a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it (a central location and the area around it depending on the place)

spatial interaction

a condition that exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials or finished products can satisfy each other's demand

spatial distribution

physical location of geographic phenomena across space (how spread out something is across the world scale)

expansion diffusion

spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger

stimulus diffusion

a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place (when a population adopts a culture because of an accepted trait)

hierarchical diffusion

an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples

contagious diffusion

distance controlled spreading of an area, innovation or item through local population from person to person

relocation diffusion

items being diffused transmitted by carrier agents as they evacuate old areas and relocate to new ones (innovations taken from old places--> new ones)

place

the uniqueness of a location

sense of place

state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with certain characteristics

perceptions of place

belief or understanding about a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pictures

mental map

image or picture of the way space organized as determined by an individual perception, impression, and knowledge of that space

activity spaces

spaces where daily activity occurs

toponym

a place name

scale

representation of real world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization

pattern

design of spatial distribution

time distance decay

declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation within increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

friction of distance

increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance

globalization

expansion of economic, political, and cultural process to the point that they become global in scale

movement

the mobility of people, goods, and ideas (how and where things move)

landscape

the overall appearance of an area

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (how humans have affected the landscape)

distribution

the way in which something is shared out among a group or spread in an area

concentration

a close gathering of people or things (the amount of people in an area)

dispersed

[people]spread out over a wide area (the amount of people in an area)

clustered

to come into a cluster or small group of [people] (the amount of people in an area)

geometric patterns

phenomenons grouped in a repeating pattern

sequent occupance

notion that successive societies leave a cultural imprint in a place contributing ti cultural landscape

cartography

map making

culture

sum total of knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavioral patterns shared between people

cultural barriers

prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations and ideas unacceptable or undoable

cultural traits

elements of a culture

culture complex

related set of cultural traits

cultural hearth

source area, innovation center, place of origin of a culture

cultural diffusion

expansion/adoption of a cultural element

environmental determinism

view that natural environment has a controlling factor over various aspects of human life

environmental possibilism

human decision making is a crucial factor in cultural development

isotherms

lines on a map connecting points of same temperature

cultural ecology

interactions between culture and the natural environment (the was culture and environment pity back off each other)

political ecology

studying nature, society relations that are concerned with the way in which environmental issues both reflect and result of political and socioeconomic contexts in which situated

GPS

satellite based location server for determining absolute location

census

periodical, official count of a country's population

remote sensing

method of collecting data or information by use of instruments

satellite imagery

view of the world by pictures from satellites in space

demography

the study of population (how many people are in an area using census to determine approx. number)

arithmetic population density

the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area- dividing pop by # of qu. miles/ kilos that entail it

physiological density

total population of a country or region related to the area of arable land (# people divided by amount of farmland in that given spot)

ecumene

inhabited potion of the earth

population clusters

areas where large portions of the population reside

reasons for less numbers of children than in the past

*local government putting ban on how many children families are allowed to have

*having children is expensive- people in poorer countries may not be able to afford it

*in countries with growing success rate they don't want to have as many kids

natural increase rate (NIR)

births minus deaths + (immigration minus emigration)

carrying capacity

equilibrium number of organisms of a particular species that can be indefinitely supported in a given environment

crude birth rate

number of live births per year per 1,000 people

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1,000 people

population pyramids

visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population in a set area

employment rate

statistic indicating the ratio of the labored force currently employment to the total working-age population or a region

dependency ratio

shows the number of defendants (0-14) and (65+) to the total population

doubling time

the time required for a population to double in time

total fertility rate

the number of children who would be born per 1,000 women if they were to pass childbearing years (live births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15-44)

baby boom/ echo boom

bb-temporary marked increase in birth rate after a marked time in history (post world war II)

eb-ripple after baby boomers have children creating an "echo" with a smaller increase rate in birth

demographic momentum

tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution (this leads in to a new DTM stage)

Thomas Malthus

british economist who published An Essay on the Principles of Population= states world population is increasing faster than food supplies needed to sustain it. Food growth was linear while population growth is exponential (fake assumptions)

net-malthusians

to this day supporters of Thomas Malthus's theories. Alarmed with continuing population growth. Pointed out that human suffering is occurring on a large scale rather than on a large scale like Malthus imagined. Argue that overpopulation must be addressed now

demographic transition model

multistage model based on western europe's experiences and changes based on population growth/ decay exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization

low growth: high BR and high DR

high growth: high BR and declining DR

moderate growth: declining BR and declining DR

stationary stage: low BR and low DR

5th stage: lowered BR and higher DR--> declining population growth

zero population growth

the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of births to only what is needed to replace the existing population

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (farm--village--town--city)

chain

migration move alone through kinship links

forced migration

migration when the movers have no choice but to relocate

voluntary movement

movement when people reluctant in response to perceived opportunity

channelized

given city draws in majority of its immigrants

Ravensteins laws of migration

1. every flow generates a return of counter migration

2. the majority of migrants move a shorter distance

3. migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations

4. urban areas= less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

gravity model

predicts interactions between places on the basics of their population size & distance between the

immigration

process of migrating to a particular area

emigration

the process of migrating out of a country

push factors of migration

work, cost of living, safety, security, environmental catastrophe

pull factors of migration

hope for freedom, tolerance, rid of persecution

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes attractiveness of sites farther away

intervening obstacle

when something halts your migration to a new destination

brain drain

emigration of highly trained people from a particular country

transhumance

system of personal farming where ranchers seasonally move livestock

cyclic movement

journey that begins at home and brings us back to it

periodic movement

returning home- longer time away

illegal immigration

the process of coming to a new country without permission

bracero program

series of laws and diplomatic agreements initiated when the US signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement

refugees

people who come to an area in search for freedom/ hope for a new life and to escape an old one

migrants

people who came up to an area because of a drawing pull factor

war criminals

criminals committed agains an enemy, prisoners of war, or subjects in wartime that violate international agreements or are offenses against humanity

draft dodgers

someone who has avoided compulsory military service

LDCs and MDC (least & most developed country)

LDC- country in its early stages of development

MDC- country with a high standard of living, and a diverse & strong economy

pro & anti natalist policies

pro-promotes human reproduction/ child bearing to assure continuance of humanity

anti- encourages families to have fewer children

clustered population

when the most people from a place live in a certain area

linear population

settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line

dispersed population

when people in a said area are spread out

fol culture

a group of belief systems, norms, and values that are small, incorporate homogeneous populations, mostly rural, and is inclusive with cultural traits. they are often isolated