ephe 142 test

Long-Distance Dating Relationships (LDDR)

Living apart for over 3 months and being over 300 kilometres away from their partner

35% of college students

indicated they had experienced sexual violence, including rape, by their dating partner

The Science of Romantic Love A Biochemical View

• Love sets off neurotransmitters that cause a chemical chain reaction.
• Areas of the brain that produce dopamine, norepinephrine and phenylethylamine (PEA) are activated.
• After initial lover’s high fades, endorphins help produce feelings of well-being, security and tranquility

Mature love

a complex combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment

Cheap forgiveness:

superficial and undeserved
• Can result in a cycle of more hurt and pain

Acceptance:

when the person who hurt you is not able to or will not attempt to participate in the healing process

Genuine forgiveness:

an exchange between two people

2.1% of cis men, 3.7% of cis women and 5.7% of
trans or gender-nonconforming disclose partner
pressure into

unwanted sexual contact through
means of threat, coercion or alcohol and drugs

Gender Identity

a person’s internal sense of themselves where they may identify as being male, female, or transgender

Gender Expression:

the external appearance, dress, mannerisms, and behaviour an individual presents as his/her gender identity

Gender Roles:

socially determined behavioural rules and standards assigned to people in our society

Agender:

a person who views themselves as living without a gender

Androgynous:

people who identify as neither male or
female

Bigender:

people who alter between identifying as men or women or a different gender

Cisgender:

an adjective to describe a person whose
identity as a male or female matches their sex assigned
at birth

Transgender/trans person/trans folk:

an umbrella term
for people whose gender identity/expression differs from
the sex assigned at birth

Sexual Dysfunction:

Physical, psychological, or
emotional problems that can interfere with healthy
sexual functioning

Retarded ejaculation:

inability to ejaculate once a man has
an erect penis

Preorgasmic:

a condition where a woman has a difficult
time achieving an orgasm

The Menstrual Cycle
1/2

• Hypothalamus monitors hormone levels and
sends messages to the pituitary gland to
release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Hormones stimulate the growth of a few of the
immature eggs stored in every woman’s body.
• One ovum matures completely during each
monthly cycle.
• An increase in LH triggers ovulation

The Menstrual Cycle (2 of 2)

• Estrogen levels drop; remaining cells of follicle
enlarge, change character, and form the corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
• Endometrium is stimulated by progesterone to thicken
and become more engorged with blood in preparation
for nourishing an implanted, fertilized ovum
• If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum disintegrates,
level of progesterone drops, and menstruation occurs
• The uterine lining is shed during the course of a
menstrual period

PMS:

bodily discomfort and emotional distress for up to 2 weeks, from ovulation until onset of menstruation

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

include regular symptoms of depression during the
last week of the menstrual cycle

Amenorrhea

s a condition when a woman stops
menstruating. Many causes including weight
loss, hormone disorder or strenuous exerciseS

Toxic Shock Syndrome:

a rare, potentially
deadly bacterial (streptococcal or staphylococcal)
infection

Drug misuse:

taking of a drug for a purpose other than
the purpose for which it was medically intended

Drug abuse (substance use disorder (SUD)):

excessive drug use that is inconsistent with accepted
medical practice

Drug addiction:

compulsive drug use despite the knowledge of adverse consequences

Toxicity:

dosage level at which a drug becomes
poisonous to the body, causing either temporary
or permanent damage

Set:
Setting:

• internal environment or mind-set. A person’s
  expectations or preconceptions about using the
  drug

• external environment that a drug user
  is in

Non-adherence:

• A prescribed medication is not taken the way it should be

Physical side effects:

• Complications may include heart failure, heart
attacks, seizures, kidney and liver failure, among
others

Caffeine

Most widely used psychotropic (mind-affecting)
drug in the world

Benefits and Drawbacks of Caffeine

• Caffeine is a stimulant; it relieves drowsiness,
improves concentration, reduces fatigue and
sharpens alertness
• High doses can lead to dependence, anxiety,
insomnia, rapid breathing, upset stomach and
bowels, and dizziness

Dependence:

the need of one or more drugs to function

Psychological dependence:

emotional or mental attachment to a drug

Physical dependence:

tolerance to effects of a drug develops. Require larger doses to
achieve intoxication

Polyabuse:

preference for a certain type of drug but
use of several others as well

Concurrent disorders:

a person has both a mental
health and a substance abuse problem

Neurobiology of Dependence:

Brain disease triggered by frequent use of drugs that change the
biochemistry and anatomy of neurons and alter the
way they worK

Psychology of Vulnerability:

Certain people are at greater risk because of psychological factors including denial, difficulty controlling impulses, low self-esteem,
feelings of powerlessness and depression

Hallucinogens distort

judgment and reality and cause confusion and panic

Amphetamines

impair coordination

Sedatives, hypnotics, and anti-anxiety agents

slow reaction time and interfere with hand-eye coordination
and judgment

Amphetamines

• Stimulants once widely prescribed for weight control
and used to treat ADHD. Use and abuse has
increased dramatically

• Trigger release of epinephrine (adrenaline) which
stimulates the central nervous system

Methamphetamines

• A powerful synthetic stimulant not authorized in Canada. Also known as crystal meth
• Users feel an initial intense, pleasurable rush that lasts a few minutes. Become addicted quickly
• Despair and suicidal thinking can develop once stimulus wears off .
• Even small amounts can cause intellectual impairment and have irreversible lifetime damage to the brain.
• High risk of psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)

Legalization of Cannabis in Canada

• Legalized in Canada on October 17, 2018
• Cannabis Act protects young people under 19 (under 18 in Quebec and Alberta) from accessing cannabis legally
• Anyone selling or providing cannabis to youth will be charged.
• Canadian adults can possess up to 30 grams of legal dried cannabis (or non-dried equivalent) in public

Medical Cannabis

• Can help treat pain and nausea in individuals dealing
with cancer or multiple sclerosis, and is used for end-
of-life comfort
• Contains both THC and CBD (phytocannabinoid)

Cocaine

• White crystalline powder extracted from leaves of the South American coca plant
• When sniffed or snorted, it anesthetizes the nerve endings in the nose and relaxes the lungs’ bronchial muscles
• Can also be dissolved in water and injected intravenously or smoked through freebasing
• Powerful stimulant to the central nervous system
• Produces feelings of happiness and enormous physical and mental ability

Cocaine Withdrawal

• When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they often become depressed
• Symptoms of withdrawal:
• Fatigue, vivid and disturbing dreams, excessive or too little sleep, irritability, increased appetite, and physical slowing down or speeding up
• Initial crash may last 1 to 3 days, withdrawal symptoms usually peak at 2 to 4 days

Risks of Club Drugs

• Psychological difficulties – e.g., confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety
• Physical symptoms – e.g., black outs, memory loss, muscle tension, vomiting, nausea, blurred vision, chills, sweats
• Increased risk of hyperthermia, dehydration, heart attack and stroke when combined with physical exertion (e.g., dancing)

Risks of Hallucinogens

• Symptoms include dilated pupils, rapid heart rate, sweating, heart palpitations, blurring of vision, tremors, and poor coordination
• Can produce changes in emotions and mood
• Can trigger irrational acts (e.g., jumping out of windows) and flashback

Inalants

• Chemicals that produce vapours with psychoactive effects
• Most commonly abused inhalants are solvents, aerosols, model-airplane glue, cleaning fluids, and petroleum products (kerosene)
• Inhalants interfere with thinking and impulse control

Opioids

• Include opium and its derivatives (heroin, morphine, codeine) and non-opioids (chemically synthesized)
• Powerful narcotics (painkillers) and almost all users develop dependence
• Heroin: most widely abused opioid, illegal in Canada
• OxyContin: painkiller used to gain euphoric effects similar to heroin; is highly addictive
• Fentanyl: prescription synthetic opiate narcotic used for severe pain; 100X more toxic than morphine

How opioid Users Feel

• All opioids relax the user and produce an immediate euphoria
• Sensation of warmth and heaviness, clouded thinking, unpleasant feelings of anxiety and fear
• For two to six hours after, people may feel indifferent, lethargic, disconnected, drowsy and have difficulty paying attention

Opioids Withdrawal

• Begins within 6 to 12 hours, may grow stronger for 24 to 72 hours and can last 7 to 14 days
• Symptoms include insomnia, irritability, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, runny nose or eyes, dilated pupils, sweating, diarrhea, and fever

Opioid Epidemic

• Canada is experiencing a deadly epidemic caused by opioid addiction
• Over half a million people have died from opioid poisoning since 2016 in North America
• The spread of the opioid epidemic is blamed on
marketing campaigns, misleading messages about
drug risk, exaggerated claims of efficacy, weak
regulation, and social and political factors

Sedative hypoctic drugs

• Depress the central nervous system, reduce
activity, induce relaxation, drowsiness, or sleep
• Benzodiazepines: prescribed for tension,
anxiety, panic attacks, etc.
• Differ widely in their mechanism of action,
absorption rate, and metabolism
• Barbiturates: for inducing relaxation and sleep,
relieving tension, and treating epileptic seizu

Anabolic Steroids

• Synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone
• Sometimes used to treat specific medical conditions
• Non-medical use by athletes and body builders to enhance performance and improve physical appearance

Risks of Anabolic Steroids

• Men: Shrunken testes and lowered sperm count, which may lead to sterility and impotence
• Women: Irregular periods
• Damage and tumour growth in the liver and kidneys, high blood pressure, and increased cholesterol levels
• Prevent bones from growing and cause premature fusion of long bones

Naloxone:

a fast-acting drug used with CPR to
restore breathing after an overdose

Methadone:

used to treat opioid dependence

Harm reduction:

Reduce the spread of deadly
communicable diseases, prevent drug overdose
deaths, reduce consumption of drugs in the street, etc

Prevention:

Educate people about substance
misuse, negative health impacts, and legal risks
associated with drug use

life expectancy for Canadians is

83 years

Sarcopenia:

degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass
and strength

Hormone Replacement Therapy
(HRT)

• Prescribed to ease short-term symptoms of menopause

Living will:

for people who don’t want to be kept alive by
artificial means or by those who want all possible
medical treatments and technology used to prolong their
lives

Holographic will:

prepared in your handwriting and
signed by you, with no witness necessary

Integrated grief:

6 to 12 months after a loss;
reorganize mindset, emotions, and outlook of life

Complicated grief:

intense and extended period;
disbelief, anger, bitterness, intrusive thoughts,
intense yearning and preoccupation

How Much Alcohol Can I Drink
and Still Legally Drive?

• In Canada, the limit is 0.08 BAC

How Much Alcohol Is Too Much?

New guidelines – January 2023
• No risk = 0 drinks
• Low risk = 1 to 2 standard drinks/week
• Moderate risk = 3 to 6 standard drinks/week
• Increasingly high risk = 7 or more drinks/week