Emotion, The Self, Gender, Sexuality, Moral Development, and Social Relationships

Flashcards for reviewing lecture notes on Emotion, The Self, Gender, Sexuality, Moral Development, and Social Relationships.

Emotions across the lifespan

Emotions become more complex with age. Infants show basic emotions, while older individuals experience self-conscious emotions.

Emotional display rules

Socially learned rules about when, where, and how to express emotions.

Contextual influences on emotion

Family, culture, and peer influences shape emotional expression and regulation.

Attachment

An emotional bond between two people, typically between infant and caregiver, forming the basis for later relationships.

The strange situation

Ainsworth’s observational procedure to assess attachment type by observing child’s reactions to separations and reunions with the caregiver.

Temperament

Early-emerging, biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways (e.g., easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up).

Self-concept

Beliefs about who you are (traits, roles).

Self-esteem

Evaluation of one’s worth.

Personality

Enduring traits and behavior patterns (e.g., Big Five).

Possible selves

Imagined future versions of the self (who we want to become or fear becoming).

Contextual influences on self-perception

Parenting, peer feedback, media, culture, and life experiences all shape how we see ourselves.

Sex

Biological attributes (chromosomes, hormones, anatomy).

Gender

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities.

Primary sex characteristics

Biological features directly related to reproduction (e.g., ovaries, testes).

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits that emerge during puberty not directly related to reproduction (e.g., breast development, facial hair).

HPG axis

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates hormonal changes during puberty affecting sexual development.

Cognitive developmental theory (gender identity)

Children actively construct gender understanding.

Social learning theory (gender identity)

Gender roles learned through reinforcement and modeling.

Affirmation

Supportive recognition and validation of a person’s gender identity.

Non-binary

A gender identity that does not fit within the traditional binary of male or female.

Misgendering

Using incorrect pronouns or terms for someone’s gender identity.

Deadnaming

Using a transgender person's birth name without consent.

Sexual orientation

Enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others (e.g., heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual).

Moral perspective taking

The ability to understand others’ viewpoints and moral reasoning.

Ethics

External rules provided by society or profession.

Morals

Internal beliefs about right and wrong.

Examples of prosocial behaviors

Sharing, helping, comforting, donating, volunteering.

Upswing hypothesis on marital satisfaction

Marital satisfaction dips in middle years (due to work/parenting) but rises again in later adulthood.