States and Properties of Matter

General overview and vocabulary for the states, properties, and classifications of matter based on the lecture notes.

Matter

anything that occupies space and has matter

Physical Properties

Characteristics you observe without changing the substance to something new-density, color, hardness, and melting

Chemical Properties

describes how an object "behaves" or reacts when it changes into a different substances such as flammability

Luster

ability to reflect light

Ductility

capacity to be drawn into wires without breaking

Malleability

ability to be hammered or rolled in sheets without breaking

Hardness

resistance to scratching

Brittleness

tendency of a material to shatter or break easily

Elasticity

ability of a solid to its original shape after being stretched or compressed

Tenacity

resistance of a material to be pulled apart or broken by tension

Viscosity

resistance of liquid to flow

Capillarity

ability to flow in narrow spaces

Solubility

ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Theory stating matter is made of tiny particles and temperature affects how particles move; higher the temperature, the faster molecules move

Diffusion

process wherein liquid particles spread out; high to low concentration

Absorption

process of soaking up a liquid into a solid

Fluidity

opposite of viscosity; how easily a liquid flows

Expansibility

ability to expand

Diffusibility

ability of gases to spread out fast

Compressibility

ability to be placed in a container

Intensive Properties

Do not depend on the amount of matter present; characteristics that stay the same such as density, color, boiling point, and hardness

Extensive Properties

Depend on the amount of matter present; if you add or remove matter, these values will change such as mass, volume, length, and weight

Melting

A reversible phase transition where a solid transforms into a liquid

Freezing

A reversible phase transition where a liquid transforms into a solid

Evaporation

A reversible phase transition where a liquid transforms into a gas

Condensation

A reversible phase transition where a gas transforms into a liquid

Sublimation

A reversible phase transition where a solid transforms directly into a gas

Deposition

A reversible phase transition where a gas transforms directly into a solid

Pure Substance

consists of only one component; system is simple and pure; cannot be separated by physical means; boiling point is sharp ⁄ consistent

Mixture

contains 2 or more substances; can be separated by physical means; may be homogeneous or heterogeneous; boiling point varies

Percent by mass

$$\text{Percent by mass} = \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{mass of solution}} \times 100\%$$

Percent by volume

$$\text{Percent by volume} = \frac{\text{volume of solute}}{\text{volume of solution}} \times 100\%$$

Sieving

separation technique for large from small particles

Sedimentation

process wherein heavier impurities settle below a lighter substance