bms chapter 9 mcgraw hill ebook key terms

Antiparallelism

The head-to-toe orientation of the two nucleotide chains of the DNA double helix.

Chromatin

DNA and its associated proteins.

Complementary base pairs

The pairs of DNA bases that form hydrogen bonds; adenine bonds to thymine and guanine bonds to cytosine.

Deoxyribose

A 5-carbon sugar that is part of a DNA nucleotide.

DNA polymerase (DNAP)

An enzyme that adds new bases to replicating DNA and corrects mismatched base pairs.

Histone

A type of protein around which DNA coils in a regular pattern.

Ligase

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid.

Next-generation sequencing

Sequencing millions of small pieces of DNA simultaneously in order to reconstruct a genome sequence.

Nucleosome

A unit of chromatin structure consisting of DNA coiled around an octet of histone proteins.

Nucleotide

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5-carbon sugar.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A nucleic acid amplification technique in which a DNA sequence is replicated in a test tube. It is used to rapidly produce many copies of a specific DNA sequence.

Purine

A nucleic acid base with a two-ring structure; adenine and guanine are purines.

Pyrimidine

A nucleic acid base with a single-ring structure; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

Replication fork

A locally opened portion of a replicating DNA double helix.

Ribose

A 5-carbon sugar that is part of RNA.

Semiconservative replication

DNA synthesis along each separated strand of the double helix.

Sugar-phosphate backbone

The “rails” of a DNA double helix, consisting of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups, oriented opposite one another.

Sanger sequencing

Sanger sequencing is a method to determine the exact order of DNA bases (A, T, C, G) using special chain-terminating nucleotides. It works by copying DNA strands in fragments, which are then sorted by size and read to reveal the sequence.

what did Levene do?

described the three components of the DNA building block and found that they appear in DNA in equal amounts.

what did Chargaff Do?

discovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine equals that of cytosine

what did Franklin do?

Used X-ray diffraction to provide crucial clues to the molecular structure

what did Watson and crick deduce?

DNA is a double helix

Q: What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty do?

A: They identified DNA as the "transforming principle" in Griffith's experiment.

Q: How did they test which molecule was responsible for transformation?

A: They used enzymes to destroy proteins, RNA, or DNA in heat-killed S. pneumoniae.

Q: What happened when DNA was destroyed?

A: Transformation did not occur, proving DNA carries genetic information.

what did hershey and chase do?

used different radioactive molecules to distinguish the viral protein coat from the genetic material = showed that virus transfers DNA and not protein to the bacterium. Therefore, DNA is genetic material, protein isnt

what was archibald garrod known for?

for being the first to link inherited disease and protein