Chapter 10: Language Production and Bilingualism

Speech

It usually occurs under time pressure.

Slips-of-the-tongue

Errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words.

Sound Errors

Occurs when sound nearby words are exchanged.

Morpheme Errors

Occur when morphemes are exchanged in earby words.

Word Errors

Occurs when words are exchanged.

Word Selection

It involves activating the correct grammatical, semantic, and phonological information.

Message Planning

Stage of sentence production wherein you mentally plan the gist, or the overall meaning of the message.

Grammatical Encoding

Stage of sentence production wherein words that are necessary to convey the planned message are selected, and the correct morphology is added.

Phonological encoding

Stage of sentence production where converting of the planned utterance into a sound code takes place. It guides the correct movements of the mouth and vocal tract during speaking.

Discourse

Language units larger than a sentence

Narrative

It is a type of discourse when someone describes a series of actual or fictional events in a time-related sequence, and often emotionally involved.

Gestures

Visible movements of any part of the body that are used to communicate

Iconic Gestures

Gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking.

Deictic Gestures

Pointing to some object or location while speaking; often accompanied by words such as this or that.

Beat Gestures

It matches the speech rate and prosody, helping the speaker maintain flow, but do not convey specific information.

Embodied Cognition

Emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge.

Phonological Loop

During writing, you are required significantly more time to remember the syllables.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Visual information is relevant when you are trying to define a concrete word, as you are likely to create a mental image.

Prewriting

A phase where most people begin a formal writing project by generating a list of ideas.

Outlining

It helps avoid overloaded attention, and sort interrelated ideas into an orderly, linear sequence, although not all writers find that an outline is helpful.

Proofreading

A final caution in the revision phase.

Revision

Phase where writers use flexible revision strategies to make substantial changes if their paper doesn't accomplish its goal.

Age of Acquisition

Refers to the age at which you learned a second language.

Critical Period Hypothesis

The ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period of your life.

Simultaneous Interpreters

People who have high levels of proficiency in two or more languages.

Translation

It refers to the process of translating from a text written in one language into a second written language.

Interpreting

It refers to the process of changing from a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language.

Sign Language

It refers to the process of changing between a spoken message in one language into a second language that is signed, or else from a signed message into a spoken form.