Geology Final

1. Flux melting most likely occurs at: (A) Mid-ocean ridges.

   (B) Transform faults.

2. (C) Subduction zones.

3. (D) None of the above.

subduction zones

Flux melting occurs because of:
(A) Reducing melting temperature of the mantle by adding water.
(B) Increasing the melting temperature of the lithosphere by adding water.

(C) Reducing the confining pressure of the lithosphere through uplift.
(D) Increasing the melting temperature of the mantle through subsidence.

c

Which of the following stream patterns is developed on shield volcanoes?

(A) Radial. (B) Dendritic. (C) Boreal. (D) Trellis.

a

Decompression melting occurs as a result of:
(A) Decrease of the confining pressure as the asthenosphere rises to shallower depth. (B) Increase of the confining pressure as the asthenosphere rises to shallower depth. (C) Decrease of the confining pressure as the lithosphere rises to shallower depth. (D) Plunging of the continental crust into the mantle.

a

Who proposed the seafloor spreading hypothesis?

(A) Alfred Wegener

(B) Harry Hess
(C) Marie Tharp (D) Charles Darwin

b

Igneous rocks are dominantly formed through:
(A) Deposition of calcite crystals.
(B) Heating of sedimentary rocks by batholith intrusion. (C) Regional metamorphism.
(D) Crystallization of magma and lava.

d

A stream begins at an elevation of 200 m and flows a distance of 400 km to the ocean. What is the gradient of this stream?

(A) 2 m/km.
(B) 2 km/m.
(C) 0.5 m/km.

(D) 0.5 km/inch.

d

After ice sheets and glaciers, which of the following contains the next highest percentage of the Earth’s freshwater?

(A) The atmosphere.

(B) Lakes and rivers. (C) Groundwater.
(D) Rocks and minerals.

c

The water table is:
(A) The boundary between unsaturated bedrock and an underground river.
(B) The boundary between unsaturated bedrock below and saturated bedrock above. (C) An underground mass of partly saturated rock.
(D) The boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above.

d

Which of the following controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material?

(A) Potability. (B) Portability. (C) Permeosity. (D) Permeability.

d

aquifer is:
(A) The porous and permeable, saturated cone of depression in an aquitard.
(B) A layer of stratum in which groundwater flows downward to the water table. (C) A saturated porous and permeable layer or stratum.
(D) An unsaturated, influent-flow bed or stratum below a spring.

c

Which of the followings are characteristics found in all good aquifers?

(A) High porosity and high permeability.
(B) Low permeability and high potability.
(C) High potability and low permeability.

(D) Low porosity and low permeability.

a

An artesian well can be:
(A) Both flowing and non-flowing well.
(B) Generally associated with an inclined aquifer.
(C) Generally associated with an aquifer bounded below and above by aquitards.

(D) All of the above.

d

Excessive groundwater withdrawal can cause:

(A) The water table to drop.

(B) The influent stream to become an effluent stream.
(C) Expansion of the dewatered aquifer.
(D) The porosity in the aquifer to increase as the water is removed.

a

What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table?

(A) Integrated saturation impulse.
(B) Permeability steepness.
(C) Pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient.

(D) Seepage affluence actor.

c

What is the definition of a hypothesis in the scientific method?
(A) A comprehensive theory explaining many interrelated aspects of the natural world (B) A well-tested hypothesis widely accepted by the scientific community
(C) A testable statement that can be replicated, confirmed, and used to make predictions (D) A prediction that cannot be tested or confirmed

c

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
(A) The Earth interior is divided into different concentric layers based on the presence of

index fossils.

2. (B)  The entire Earth is homogenous constituting silicate minerals.

3. (C)  The Earth interior is divided into different concentric layers based on chemical and

   physical properties.

4. (D)  The Earth interior structure constitutes a cluster of hexagonal cells similar to a honey

   cone.

c

Which layer of Earth's interior is the thickest?

(A) Crust
(B) Mantle (C) Outer core (D) Inner core

b

The relatively cool and brittle tectonic plate is called: (A) Asthenosphere.

(B) Crust.
(C) Atmosphere (D) Lithosphere

b

. The rock that formed from the crystallization of molten magma is called: (A) Indigenous.

(B) Igneous.
(C) Metamorphic. (D) Sedimentary.

b

Igneous rocks that are formed through crystallization of lavas at the surface are called: (A) Sedimentary rocks.

(B) Metamorphic rocks. (C) Volcanic rocks.
(D) Plutonic rocks.

c

Igneous rocks that are formed through crystallization of magmas at some depth are called: (A) Sedimentary rocks.

(B) Metamorphic rocks. (C) Volcanic rocks.
(D) Plutonic rocks.

d

3. Mantle plumes can best be described as:

1. (A)  Mantle melts that rises from the core-mantle boundary to reach the Earth surface and

   erupt in the form of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs).

2. (B)  The sinking of the subducted slabs in the asthenosphere.

3. (C)  The production of huge amount of mantle melts because of Earth’s polarity reversal.

4. (D)  Mantle melts that are generated from the core, interact with the asthenosphere, and

   intrude the crust to form granitic batholiths.

a

Which of the following statements is not correct?

(A) Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma.
(B) Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks. (C) Magma crystallizes to form igneous rocks.
(D) Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.

b

The core is dominantly made-up of: (A) Iron and nickel.

(B) Basalt
(C) Granite (D) Peridotite.

a

Which of the following is the thinnest layer of the Earth? (A) The mantle.

(B) The outer core. (C) The inner core. (D) The crust.

d

27. Mid oceanic ridges are:
(A) The most dominant drainage system in Africa.
(B) The mountain chain on the western North America. (C) The most prominent features on the oceans floor. (D) The surface expression of subduction zones.

c

Divergent plate boundaries are characterized by:
(A) The development of normal faults
(B) Tectonic plates are moving away from each other because of tensile stress. (C) Mid-ocean ridges.
(D) All of the above.

d

Colder, older and denser oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at: (A) Divergent plate boundaries.
(B) Convergent plate boundaries.
(C) Transform faults.

(D) All of the above.

b

The hardest naturally-occurring mineral is:

(A) Quartz. (B) Diamond. (C) Feldspar. (D) Graphite.

b

Which of the following minerals is made up of silicon dioxide (SiO2)? (A) Calcite.

(B) Diamond. (C) Olivine. (D) Quartz.

d

Which of the following is a silicate mineral? (A) Hematite.

(B) Muscovite. (C) Calcite. (D) Halite.

b

Which of the following is an accurate statement?
(A) Continental drift theory observed that the continents are moving relative to each other

whereas sea floor spreading theory provided the mechanism for this movement.

2. (B)  Sea floor spreading theory observed that the continents remained stationary since they

   were formed but continental drift theory observed that the continents are moving.

3. (C)  Continental drift theory proposed that the continents are only moving at the divergent

   plate boundaries but sea floor spreading theory proposed that continents are moving

   at the convergent plate boundaries.

4. (D)  Both continental drift and sea floor spreading theories proposed that continents are

not in motion at present time.

a

Which of the following best describes ferromagnesian minerals?

(A) They are dark in color because they contain quartz and feldspar elements. (B) They are dark in color because they contain iron and magnesium
(C) They are light in color because they contain iron and magnesium.

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(D) They are dark in color because they are the last minerals to crystallize from the magma.

b

All silicate minerals contain:
(A) Iron and magnesium elements. (B) Calcium and potassium elements. (C) Iron and nickel elements.
(D) Silicon and oxygen elements.

d

Which of the following elements is the most abundant (by weight) in the Earth’s crust? (A) Oxygen.

(B) Silicon. (C) Sodium. (D) Calcium.

a

Which of the following rocks is dominantly made-up of mafic minerals? (A) Granite.

(B) Rhyolite. (C) Basalt. (D) Peridotite.

d

Which of the following minerals crystallizes early in the Bowen’s reaction series? (A) Biotite.

(B) Quartz. (C) Olivine. (D) Muscovite.

c

Hawaii islands are dominated by: (A) Basaltic rocks.

(B) Granitic rocks.
(C) Rhyolitic rocks. (D) None of the above.

a

the strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth and parallel planes is called? (A) Cleavage.

(B) Streak.
(C) Crystal form. (D) Luster.

a

. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(A) Silicate minerals are the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust.
(B) They always contain silicon and oxygen in their composition.
(C) They form single tetrahedron, single chain, double chain and sheet structure. (D) They are similar to limestone in their composition.

d

Rock texture is defined as:
(A) The relative abundance of silicate minerals compared to sulfide minerals in igneous

rocks.
(B) The tendency of extrusive igneous rocks to form layers.
(C) The size, shape and arrangement of mineral crystals in igneous rocks. (D) The mode of occurrence of intrusive igneous rocks.

c

43. Changing the composition of the magma by incorporating surrounding host rocks is known

    as: (A) Magma mixing.
    (B) Magma melting.
    (C) Assimilation
    (D) Magma differentiation.

c

43. Which of the following is not a factor in controlling the magma generation? (A) Heat.

    (B) Pressure. (C) Crystal size. (D) V olatiles.

c

43. Extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks have finer texture compared to intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks because:

    (A) The volcanic rocks crystallize at about 10 km depth.
    (B) The extrusive rocks cools faster compared to intrusive rocks.
    (C) Intrusive rocks cools faster, hence larger crystals are formed.
    (D) The cooling rate of the extrusive rocks is much slower than that of the intrusive rocks.

b

43. Which of the following oceans is rimmed by the most subduction zones? (A) Atlantic.

    (B) Indian. (C) Arctic. (D) Pacific.

d

43. The stress acting on a convergent plate boundary can be described as: (A) Compressional.

    (B) Compositional. (C) Nontraditional. (D) Tensile.

a

43. Which of the following is/are most stable to chemical weathering by dissolution? (A) Quartz.

    (B) Clay minerals. (C) Iron oxides. (D) Calcite

a

43. Which of the following statements about acidic precipitation is likely to be false?
    (A) Chemical weathering and deterioration of exposed rock and metal surfaces will

    accelerate if acidic precipitation increases.

    2. (B)  Lowered taxes and relaxed governmental regulations will result in more private and

       public sector spending to reduce emissions of acid-forming gases to the

       atmosphere.

    3. (C)  Fish and other aquatic species in acidified lakes will eventually die off and disappear

       due to the toxic effects of the acidic waters and increased levels of dissolved

       aluminum.

    4. (D)  Damage to trees and plants, especially to tender new growth, will intensify if acidic

precipitation worsens.

b

50. Which of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

    (A) Oxidation.
    (B) Eluviation
    (C) Hydrologic cycling (D) Frost wedging

d

50. Which of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is not true? (A) Reduces grain sizes of rock particles.
    (B) Allows for faster rates of chemical weathering.
    (C) Is important in the formation of talus slopes.

    (D) Involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

d

50. Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, which of these rocks generally have

    higher chemical weathering rates? (A) gabbro and basalt.
    (B) basalt and granite.
    (C) granite and rhyolite.

    (D) Gabbro and andesite.

b

50. Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?

    (A) Detrital sedimentary rocks.
    (B) Varieties of dolostone.
    (C) Varieties of coal and peat.
    (D) Evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks.

d

50. What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia? (A) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.
    (B) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.
    (C) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger. (D) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.

a

50. Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true?
    (A) They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms.
    (B) They probably show some evidence of stratification.
    (C) They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea.
    (D) They are composed of particles and constituents derived from weathering and erosion

    of other rocks.

c

50. _______________is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock.

    (A) Limestone.
    (B) Chert.
    (C) Phosphate rock. (D) Quartz sandstone.

a

50. Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have potential as a possible reservoir rock for oil or gas?

(A) High porosity
(B) Clastic texture
(C) Chemical origin (D) Good stratification

a

58. Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism?
    (A) Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by the

    Earth's internal heat.

    2. (B)  Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied

       from a nearby magma body.

    3. (C)  Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults.

    4. (D)  Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks

       begin to partially melt.

b

58. __________forms from the metamorphism of limestone. A) Migmatite

    B) Amphibolite. C) Marble.
    D) Quartzite.

c

58. ___________is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands.

    (A) Garnet hornfels. (B) Granitic gneiss. (C) Slate.
    (D) Quartzite.

b

58. Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism?

A) Phyllite, slate, schist. B) Schist, slate, phyllite. C) Slate, phyllite, schist. D) Slate, schist, phyllite.

c

62. _________is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone. A) Marble.

    B) Slate.
    C) Amphibolite. D) Quartzite.

d

62. In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?
    A) At shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone.
    B) At shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust.
    C) At great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding.
    D) At shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense.

c

64. The main difference between detrital and chemical sedimentary rocks is:

    A) Detrital sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of igneous rocks whereas chemical sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of metamorphic rocks.

    B) Detrital sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of metamorphic rocks whereas chemical sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of igneous rocks.

    C) Detrital sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of igneous rocks whereas chemical sedimentary rocks are the product of weathering of other sedimentary rocks.

    D) None of the above.

d

64. Assuming that man’s recorded history can be stretched back to 4600 years before the present. This is approximately what fraction of geologic time?

    A) One ten-thousandth.
    B) One millionth.
    C) One billionth.
    D) One hundred-thousandth.

d

64. Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to the violence of a volcanic eruption? A) Composition of the magma.
    B) Temperature of the magma.
    C) Presence of fossils in the magma.

D) Dissolved gasses in the magma.

c

67. Volcanoes are divided into:

    A) Shield, cinder cone, or massive.
    B) Cinder cone, massive, or deep.
    C) Shield, cinder cone, or stratovolcano. D) None of the above.

c

67. Which of the following is not a pyroclastic material? A) Ash and dust.

    B) Index fossils. C) Pumice.
    D) Lapilli.

b

67. The “A” horizon of the soil profile contains:
    A) Accumulation of clay transported from the horizons above. B) Partially altered parent material.
    C) Loose and partly decayed organic matter.

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D) Mixture of mineral matter and humus.

d

70. Weathering processes are broadly divided into:

    A) Mechanical and ideological. B) Chemical and geochemical. C) Mechanical and historical. D) Mechanical and chemical.

a

70. ________ have the highest velocities. (A) Primary waves

    (B) Secondary waves (C) Surface waves
    (D) Refracted S waves

a

70. Which of the following foundation materials is most stable during earthquake shaking? (A) Bedrock

    (B) Unconsolidated moist soil (C) Water-saturate sand
    (D) Sand and mud

a

70. What are the smaller magnitude quakes that follow a major earthquake? (A) Exoshocks

    (B) Aftershocks (C) Hyposhocks (D) Epishocks

b

70. The epicenter of an earthquake is the ________.
    (A) Point where the fault cracking initiates
    (B) Surface location directly above the point where the fault slip initiates (C) Point where the minimum ground shaking is recorded
    (D) Point of most intense, structural damage associated with ground shaking

b

70. In which type of plate boundaries deep earthquakes are likely to occur. (A) Transform faults

    (B) Transform faults and mid ocean ridges (C) Mid ocean ridges and subduction zones (D) Subduction zones

d

70. _______ refers to the tendency for a foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking.

    (A) Slurrying
    (B) Liquefaction (C) Motion slip (D) Seismoflowage

b

The Mt Simon Formation is an important formation in the State of Wiscosin because?

(A) It is a hydrocarbon source rock
(B) It is a source rock for base metals (C) It is a source rock for gold deposits

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(D) It is a source rock for sand

d

Convergent plate boundaries include all of the following, except____________. (A) Ocean-ocean

(B) Ocean-mantle
(C) Ocean-continental (D) Continent-continent

b

. Seismic waves are divided into.
(A) Surface waves and body waves
(B) Surface waves and extensional waves (C) Body waves and trans-continental waves (D) Body waves and head waves

a

body primary waves travels through (A) Gases only

(B) Liquids only
(C) Solids only
(D) Solid, liquids and gases

d

Which one of the following best characterizes tsunamis?
(A) They cause the land to ripple and oscillate.
(B) They are faster than seismic surface waves.
(C) They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelengths.
(D) They are easily seen at sea but are lost in the swell and breaking waves along a coast.

c

The fact that ________ is good evidence for a solidified, inner core. (A) S waves do not pass directly through the core
(B) P waves are faster in the inner core than in the outer core
(C) S waves are slower in the inner core than in the outer core (D) S waves are focused at the center of the P-wave shadow zone

d

The ________ of the Earth does not transmit S waves. (A) Outer mantle

(B) Inner crust (C) Outer core (D) Deep mantle

c

Most severe earthquakes occur

(A) In mountains
(B) Along major rivers (C) At plate boundaries (D) In the middle of plates

c

Most injuries during earthquakes are caused by (A) The collapse of buildings

(B) Cracks in the earth’s surface (C) The vibration of S waves. (D) The vibrations of P waves

a

85. An earthquake occurred on the Erie Fault 5 km below Ashtabula. Damage from the earthquake was greatest in nearby Chardon. The furthest report of shaking was recorded in Akron. Where was the earthquake's epicenter?

    (A) The Erie Fault (B) Ashtabula
    (C) Chardon
    (D) Akron

b

89. Which list of materials is in order from lowest viscosity to highest viscosity? (A) Water, honey, peanut butter, mayonnaise
    (B) Olive oil, mayonnaise, ketchup, water
    (C) Gasoline, ketchup, mayonnaise, olive oil

    (D) Milk, olive oil, honey, peanut butter

a

89. Which pair of terms would make the best match to fill the blanks in the following sentence?

    Gases escape more easily from a _________ viscosity magma; that is why eruptions are more violent from volcanoes that are supplied by_____________ viscosity magma

    (A) High. Low (B) Low, low (C) Low, high (D) High, high

c

89. Which is the most accurate statement about viscosity and magma?
    (A) Mafic magmas are hotter and have higher viscosity than felsic magmas
    (B) Magmas from composite volcanoes have relatively high viscosity
    (C) High viscosity magmas flow at higher speeds than low viscosity magmas
    (D) The viscosity of magma is related to the amount of gas dissolved in the magma

b

89. Which should offer the least resistance to flow - a basaltic lava, an andesitic liquid or a rhyolitic liquid?

(A) Basalt (B) Andesite (C) Rhyolite (D) Granite

a

93. All of the following events could indicate an impending eruption EXCEPT: (A) discovery of new hot springs around the volcano
    (B) A measurable bulge or swelling of the volcano
    (C) Swarms of small earthquakes in the region

    (D) A highly eroded, gentle volcanic peak

d

93. volcano can release several kinds of gases into the air, but most of the gas is:

    (A) Water vapor and carbon dioxide (B) Hydrogen and sulfur dioxide (C) Sulfur dioxide and chlorine
    (D) Nitrogen and carbon dioxide

a

Which of the following stream patterns is developed on homogeneous rock unit? (A) Radial.

(B) Dendritic. (C) Boreal. (D) Trellis.

b

What is a shield volcano typically associated with? (A) Magma chamber collapse

(B) An andesitic, composite volcano
(C) Typical volcano type forming Hawaii (D) Flow of mud and pyroclastic material

c

What is a lahar?
(A) An underwater lava structure
(B) A ropy lava flow
(C) A flow of mud and pyroclastic material (D) A magma chamber collapse

c

. What do pillow lavas indicate? (A) Underwater volcanism

(B) Flow of mud and pyroclastic material (C) Gases expelled by volcanoes
(D) Ranking minerals by temperature

a

What is pahoehoe lava characterized by? (A) Ropy lava

(B) Silica-rich and/or cool lava (C) An underwater lava structure (D) A magma chamber collapse

a

What is Bowen’s reaction series used for? (A) Ranking minerals by temperature
(B) Describing underwater lava structures (C) Explaining water-magma interaction (D) Identifying gases expelled by volcanoes

a

Which of the following helps trout survive in WI streams

A. Warm water from pavement runoff

B. you just fertilizer runoff causing algae blooms

c. cold groudwater from limestone areas

D. Soil erosion from farming

c

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 occurred between the Pacific and

North American plates along which fault line?

A. Juan De Fuca

B. San Jose

C. Rivera

d. San Andreas

d