S2 Unit 1 chemistry terms

alloy

A mixture of two or more elements that has the properties of a metal.

amorphous solid

A solid having no specific organization of atoms or molecules in its structure

atmosphere

A measurement of pressure, also known as atm. At sea level, normal air pressure is equal to one atm.

boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid is converted to gas. The vapor pressure of the substance is equal to the atmospheric pressure at this temperature.

Brittle

Easily broken

conductor

Matter through which heat, electricity, or sound can easily pass.

crystal structure

The unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid.

crystalline solid

A solid having a highly regular arrangement of atoms or molecules that produces the characteristic shape of a crystal.

Ductility

The ability of a substance to be stretched or pulled thin without breaking

Electrical conductivity

A measure of how much of an electrical current can pass through an object

Hardness

The ease with which object can be scratched or change shapes when a force is applied

ionic solid

A solid in which the structural units are ions held together by ionic bonds

Kinetic theory

The theory stating that matter consists of small particles in random motion

malleability

The capacity of a substance to have its shape changed

melting point

The temperature at which is solid is converted to a liquid, and both forms of the substance are at equilibrium.

metallic solid

A solid that has freely moving electrons. Metallic solids are hard, dense, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

molecular solid

A solid in which the structural units are molecules held together by intermolecular forces.

Network solid

A solid in which the structural units are nonmetal atoms held together by strong covalent bonds.

phase diagram

A graphical way to summarize the different stable, physical states of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure

Pressure

The force per unit of area

semiconductors

Substances that have some resistance to conducting an electrical current. A semiconductor allows some electricity to be passed along.

superconductor

A substance that has no resistance to conducting an electric current and allows electricity to flow freely.

thermal conductivity

A materials tendency to transmit heat

boiling point elevation

The increase in the boiling point of a solvent due to the presence of a dissolved solute.

boiling point elevation constant

A proportionality constant, unique to a given solvent, that determines the relationship between boiling point elevation and the molarity of the solute

chromatography

The process used to separate a mixture

Crystallize

To form solid crystals

Distillation

A processes to separate dissolved solute from a solution

Evaporate

To change from liquid to gas

freezing point

The temperature at which a liquid is converted into a solid

Freezing point depression

The lowering of a freezing point of a solid caused by the presence of dissolved solute particles

Freezing point depression constant

A proportionality constant, unique to a given solvent, that determines the relationship between freezing point, depression, and the molality of a solute

Heterogeneous

Not even evenly mixed throughout

Homogenous

Evenly mixed it throughout

molality

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one KG of solvent

parts per million

A measure of concentration in a solution. Often written as PPM, it is the mass of solute per 1,000,000 g of solution

pure

Containing only one type of compound or element

purify

To separate one material from other material to make a completely pure substance

saturated

Having the maximum amount of dissolved solute

solute

The substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

solvent

The substance in which a solute can be dissolved

Supersaturated

Having more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute

Unsaturated

having less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute

vapor

The gaseous form of a liquid or solid

Volatile

Evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures