Biological and Cultural Evolution Overview

What theory did Charles Darwin first formulate in his book 'On the Origin of Species'?

The theory of evolution by natural selection.

What does the term 'Homo habilis' signify in Latin?

'Handyman', referring to their ability to make tools from stones and bones.

What is the significance of Australopithecus in human evolution?

Australopithecus is one of the earliest known ancestors of humans, with species like Anamensis and Afarensis dating back millions of years.

What adaptations did Homo Neanderthalensis have?

They possessed larger brains and were adapted to cold conditions, using tools and being carnivorous.

What major societal transformation occurred during the Industrial Society era?

The introduction of machinery and factories, leading to economic interdependence and complex social systems.

What are the characteristics of post-industrial society?

Focus on professional and technical development, human capital as a status symbol, and the establishment of communication infrastructure.

What was the primary economic activity in hunting and gathering societies?

Men hunted animals while women gathered vegetables.

What significant agricultural development occurred around 10,000 years ago?

The creation of small-scale farming and the domestication of animals.

What are the four major civilizations mentioned in the notes?

Sumerian, Indus Valley, Shang, and Egyptian civilizations.

What are some characteristics of complex civilizations?

Developed cities, organized government systems, job specialization, social classes, and advanced technology.

What is the timeline for the evolution of Homo erectus?

Homo erectus was found in Java, Indonesia, and lived during the late Pleistocene.

What does 'Homo sapiens' mean in Latin?

'Wise' or 'intelligent', referring to modern humans.

What role did Therhard Lenski play in understanding human society?

He believed that human society undergoes transformation and resolution through technological development.

What was the significance of the Neolithic Revolution?

It marked the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming and the development of agricultural societies.

What does the term 'Paleolithic' refer to?

The Old Stone Age, characterized by hunting and gathering societies.

What is the importance of writing and recording systems in civilizations?

They enabled the documentation of history, laws, and transactions, facilitating complex administration.

How did the barter system evolve in societies?

It was a precursor to money, which later became the standard for trade.

What were the living conditions of Homo habilis?

They were adapted to living in trees and made tools for survival.

What is the significance of the Indus River in ancient civilizations?

It was crucial for the development of the Indus Valley civilization, providing water for agriculture.

What is the role of advanced technology in civilizations?

It supports the development of infrastructure, agriculture, and trade.

What does the term 'nomadic' imply about early human societies?

It refers to societies that move frequently in search of food and resources.

What is the relationship between social classes and agricultural societies?

Agricultural societies often developed distinct social classes based on wealth and occupation.