Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions
1 / 108
There's no tags or description
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
109 Terms
1
Number of bones in human body
206 named bones in the human body
New cards
2
Divisions of the skeleton
Human skeleton is divided into axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
New cards
3
Shapes of bones
Bones can have various shapes.
New cards
4
Structural Categories of Bones
Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones
New cards
5
Types of Bone
Compact or cortical bone and Spongy or cancellous bone
New cards
6
Short, Flat, and Irregular Bone Structure
The 'Bread' is compact bone and the 'Filling' is spongy bone, called diploë
New cards
7
Long Bones
Long bones have an epiphysis (the ends), diaphysis (the shaft), and contain a medullary cavity with bone marrow.
New cards
8
Epiphyseal Plate/Line
The area between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
New cards
9
Hyaline Cartilage
Lines the ends of long bones where bone articulates with another bone.
New cards
10
Periosteum
Periosteum surrounds bone, with an outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer.
New cards
11
Sharpey's Fibers
Connect periosteum to bone.
New cards
12
Endosteum
Thinner than periosteum, lines the interior of long bones and inside of cortical layers in short, flat, and irregular bones.
New cards
13
Bone Tissue
Bone is connective tissue with cells and an extracellular matrix.
New cards
14
Bone Cells
Includes osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
New cards
15
Osteogenic Cells
Also called osteoprogenitor cells, they are mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum.
New cards
16
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid.
New cards
17
Osteoid Composition
Osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins, with collagen making up 90% of bone protein.
New cards
18
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors.
New cards
19
Osteoclasts
Giant, multinucleate cells that function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone).
New cards
20
Ruffled Borders of Osteoclasts
Increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and help seal off area from surrounding matrix.
New cards
21
Extracellular Matrix of Bone
Composed of collagen protein fibers, proteoglycans, and calcium-binding proteins.
New cards
22
Ground Substance of Bone
Mineralized with hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium salts), which makes bone hard.
New cards
23
Bone Organization
Bones are organized in a specific manner.
New cards
24
Compact bone
Also called lamellar bone.
New cards
25
Osteon (Haversian system)
An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone.
New cards
26
Osteon structure
Consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone.
New cards
27
Weight-bearing pillars
Acts as tiny weight-bearing pillars.
New cards
28
Lamellae
Several rings of bone matrix that consist of collagen fibers running in different directions in adjacent rings.
New cards
29
Bone salts
Found between collagen fibers.
New cards
30
Central (Haversian) canal
Runs through core of osteon and contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.
New cards
31
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
Canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal, connecting blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal.
New cards
32
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae that are not part of osteon, some fill gaps between forming osteons; others are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling.
New cards
33
Circumferential lamellae
Layers of lamellae that extend around entire surface of diaphysis, just deep to periosteum but superficial to endosteum.
New cards
34
Spongy bone
Appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress.
New cards
35
Trabeculae
Like cables on a suspension bridge, confer strength to bone.
New cards
36
Nutrient supply
Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients.
New cards
37
Support
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
38
Protection
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
39
Movement
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
40
Mineral reservoir
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
41
Blood cell formation
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
42
Fat storage
One of the functions of bones.
New cards
43
Calcium
Functions in many processes, such as nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, gland and nerve secretions, as well as cell division.
New cards
44
Calcium in Bone
99% of 1200-1400 g of calcium are found in bone.
New cards
45
Intestinal absorption of Ca2+
Requires vitamin D.
New cards
46
Calcitonin
Produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland in response to high levels of blood calcium levels.
New cards
47
Parathyroid hormone
Produced by parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels.
New cards
48
Hematopoiesis
Blood cells form in red bone marrow.
New cards
49
Location of Red Bone Marrow in Adults
Located in heads of femur and humerus, but most active areas of hematopoiesis are flat bone diploë and some irregular bones (such as the hip bone).
New cards
50
Yellow Bone Marrow
Stores fat.
New cards
51
Endochondral Ossification
Most bones form this way; cartilaginous skeleton of fetus begins to ossify in 3rd month in utero, replacing hyaline cartilage with bone.
New cards
52
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone forms from fibrous membrane; only for flat bones of cranium and clavicles.
New cards
53
Epiphyseal Plate
A growing line of cartilage that ossifies, allowing long bones to increase in length via interstitial (longitudinal) growth.
New cards
54
Appositional Growth
Bones increase thickness through osteoblasts beneath periosteum secreting bone matrix on external bone.
New cards
55
Growth Hormone
Most important hormone in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood.
New cards
56
Thyroid Hormone
Modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions.
New cards
57
Testosterone and Estrogens
Promote adolescent growth spurts and induce epiphyseal plate closure.
New cards
58
Hormonal Imbalances
Excesses or deficits of any hormones cause abnormal skeletal growth (e.g. excess GH can cause gigantism or acromegaly).
New cards
59
Bone Remodeling
The process consisting of both bone deposit and bone resorption.
New cards
60
Bone Resorption
A function of osteoclasts that involves breaking down bone matrix.
New cards
61
Osteoclasts
Cells that dig depressions or grooves as they break down the bone matrix.
New cards
62
Wolff's Law
States that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them.
New cards
63
Diaphysis
The thickest part of a bone where bending stresses are greatest.
New cards
64
Bone Matrix
The intercellular substance of bone tissue, which is broken down by osteoclasts.
New cards
65
Apoptosis
The process by which osteoclasts undergo programmed cell death after resorption is complete.
New cards
66
Bone Remodeling Units
Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts that coordinate the remodeling process.
New cards
67
Fractures
Breaks in bones that can occur due to trauma or weakness.
New cards
68
Nondisplaced Fracture
A fracture where the ends retain normal position.
New cards
69
Displaced Fracture
A fracture where the ends are out of normal alignment.
New cards
70
Complete Fracture
A fracture that is broken all the way through.
New cards
71
Incomplete Fracture
A fracture that is not broken all the way through.
New cards
72
Open Fracture
A fracture where the skin is penetrated.
New cards
73
Closed Fracture
A fracture where the skin is not penetrated.
New cards
74
Reduction
The realignment of broken bone ends.
New cards
75
Closed Reduction
A method where a physician manipulates to correct the position of a fracture.
New cards
76
Open Reduction
A surgical method where pins or wires secure the ends of a fracture.
New cards
77
Immobilization
The process of keeping a bone still by using a cast or traction to aid healing.
New cards
78
Bone Repair Stages
The four major stages involved in the healing of a fracture.
New cards
79
Bone Thinning
A condition that leads to weakness of bone, commonly seen in old age.
New cards
80
Trabeculae
Structural elements that form trusses along lines of stress in bone.
New cards
81
Bony Projections
Large bone formations that occur where heavy, active muscles attach.
New cards
82
Weight Lifters
Individuals who develop enormous thickenings at muscle attachment sites due to heavy use.
New cards
83
Featureless Bones
Bones of fetuses and bedridden individuals that lack stress and thus have no distinct features.
New cards
84
Bone Mass Recycling
About 5-7% of bone mass is recycled each week.
New cards
85
Spongy Bone Replacement
Occurs approximately every 3-4 years.
New cards
86
Compact Bone Replacement
Occurs approximately every 10 years.
New cards
87
Osteomalacia
Bones are poorly mineralized, osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not adequately deposited, resulting in soft, weak bones and pain upon bearing weight.
New cards
88
Rickets
Osteomalacia of children, resulting in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bone ends are enlarged and abnormally long.
New cards
89
Cause of Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium.
New cards
90
Osteoporosis
A group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit, leading to normal matrix but declining bone mass.
New cards
91
Susceptible areas in Osteoporosis
Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur.
New cards
92
Common fractures in Osteoporosis
Vertebral and hip fractures.
New cards
93
Risk factors for Osteoporosis
Most often aged, postmenopausal women, affecting 30% of women aged 60-70 years and 70% by age 80.
New cards
94
Estrogen's role in Osteoporosis
Estrogen plays a role in bone density, so when levels drop at menopause, women run a higher risk.
New cards
95
Men's risk for Osteoporosis
Men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone.
New cards
96
Lifestyle factors for Osteoporosis
Insufficient exercise to stress bones, diet poor in calcium and protein, smoking, and genetics.
New cards
97
Hormone-related conditions affecting Osteoporosis
Hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus.
New cards
98
Medications and Osteoporosis
Consumption of alcohol or certain medications can increase risk.
New cards
99
Traditional treatments for Osteoporosis
Calcium, vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, and hormone replacement therapy for perimenopausal women.
New cards
100
Hormone replacement therapy for Osteoporosis
Slows bone loss but does not reverse it, controversial due to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer.
Studied by 0 people
