Crime and Delinquency Exam 6 (Ch 11)

Delinquency Control

any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act (generally deals with existing offenders)

Delinquency Prevention

Nonjustice programs or policies designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act (generally before the child is ever a delinquent at all)

primary prevention

focuses on general community well-being

secondary prevention

focuses on at-risk children and youth and neighborhoods

tertiary prevention

focuses on current offenders

prevention: home-based programs

-home visits from nurses or social workers

-substantial financial benefits from government

-substantial outcomes for children and mothers

prevention: parenting skills

-behavior modification skills

-very cost effective

Perry Preschool

fewer arrests and crimes, high education and earnings

Child-Parent Center in Chicago

continues with enrichment up to age 9. Higher educational outcomes, lower rates of arrest

Head Start

Also involves behavior, grit, non-cognitive skills

Mentoring

-nonprofessional volunteers

-reduce delinquency, school failure, drug use

-best ones are one-to-one, careful matches, nurturing and individual

School Programs

the best of these try to reinforce behaviors and develop social competency

Job Corps

main purpose is employability. Has earnings gain but also a reduction in delinquency

Juvenile Justice Process

1. Police investigation: the police can choose whether or not to send them into the court process

2. Detention Hearing: decides whether or not the child should go home during the court action

3. Adjudicatory hearing: a fact-finding process to see if there is enough evidence. Adjudication is essentially a trial

4. Disposition: which is equivalent of a sentencing, but with more of a treatment focus rather than a punishment focus

similarities between systems

-Miranda warnings

-Negotiations and plea bargaining

-Right to counsel and hearing

-Standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt

-Can be kept without bail if considered dangerous

-Drug testing

-Community treatment/boot camps

differences between systems

-Primary purpose for juveniles is protection and treatment vs. punishment for adults

-Juveniles can be tried for status offenses (truancy, running away, etc.)

-Juvenile court is not criminal, also is informal and private

-Parents are involved in juvenile court proceedings

-Juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial

-Juvenile records are generally sealed

Comprehensive Strategy

1) early childhood prevention (home visits, parenting, preschool)

2) interventions for at-risk teenagers (mentoring, school, job)

3) graduated sanctions: Different outcomes for nonviolent, repeat minor/first-time serious, and repeat serious/violent

4) proper use of detention and confinement

-deinstitutionalization: removing as many youths from secure confinement. Warehousing without treatment doesn't end criminal behavior... most effect give individual services to small numbers

-some youths get sent to alternative options like youth court or drug court (focus is drug treatment)

5) most serious cases sent to the adult courts

3 pillars of Restorative Justice

1. Accountability

2. Skill Development

3. Community Connection