Gram negative bacteria

Aerobic gram negative bacterias

Pseudomonas, legionella, neisseria (cocci), brucella, bordatella, francisella

Faculative gram negative bacterias

Enteric bacteria, vibrio, haemophilus, gardenerella

The only cocci in the gram negative bacteria is

Neisseria

Pseudomonas

Straight or slightly curved rods, polar flagella, motile, oxidase positive

When was Legionella first identified or named?

1976

What type of stain is Legionella weakly positive for?

Gram stain

What type of flagella does Legionella have?

Polar flagella

Is Legionella motile or non-motile?

Motile

What is the oxygen requirement for Legionella?

Obligate aerobe

Does Legionella ferment sugars?

No

Where is Legionella commonly found?

Air conditioning systems

How is Legionella transmitted?

Through droplets

What disease does Legionella cause?

Legionnaire's disease

Neisseria

Cocci in pairs, non-motile

What is the shape and motility of Brucella?

Small rods, non-motile

Does each species of Brucella have a preferred host?

Yes, each species has a preferred host.

Can Brucella infect humans?

Yes, Brucella can infect humans.

How can humans become infected with Brucella?

By eating meat.

Bordetella

Small (0.2-0.7 mm), OBLIGATE AEROBE, vaccine but not lifetime

what is an obligate aerobe?

cannot grow without oxygen

Francisella

Small, OBLIGATE AEROBE, rabbits

Entertitis

inflammation of the intestine

Small intestine affected =

diarrhea

large intenstine affected =

dysentery

What is the shape of enteric bacteria?

Straight rods

What type of respiration do enteric bacteria use?

Facultative aerobes

Do enteric bacteria ferment glucose?

Yes, they ferment glucose

Are enteric bacteria catalase positive or negative?

Catalase positive

Are enteric bacteria oxidase positive or negative?

Oxidase negative

What type of flagella does E. coli have?

Peritrichous flagella

Is E. coli indole positive or negative?

Indole positive

Does E. coli produce gas from glucose?

Yes

Does E. coli produce acid from lactose?

Yes

Are most strains of E. coli pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

Non-pathogenic

What is E. coli's role in the intestinal tract?

Normal flora

What vitamins does E. coli synthesize?

Vitamins (specific types not mentioned)

What are common sources of E. coli contamination?

Contaminated water and beef

Indole test

deamination of tryptophan to indole

What is Shigella related to?

E.coli

Is Shigella motile or non-motile?

Non-motile

Does Shigella produce gas from glucose?

No

Does Shigella produce acid from lactose?

No

What conditions are associated with Shigella?

Poor sanitation and overcrowding

Is Shigella usually pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

Usually pathogenic

Salmonella

Similar to E.coli, pathogenic to humans, motile, produces H2S

H2S production

black precipitate

Klebsiella

Found in soil, non-pathogenic, non motile, UREASE positive

Urease test

Urease catalyzes the breakdown of urea to ammonia and bicarbonate, urea broth, pH indicator, pink = basic

What is a characteristic pigmentation of Enterobacteria?

Yellow pigmentation

What type of fermentation is Enterobacteria positive for in the VP test?

BUTANEDIOL fermentation

Are Enterobacteria motile?

Yes, they are motile.

Where are Enterobacteria commonly found?

In water and sewage

What type of infections are Enterobacteria known to cause?

Opportunistic infections and UTIs

Serratia

Motile, red pigmentation at low temps, DNase positive, Gelatinase positive, opportunistic infections

Proteus

Highly motile, pritrichous flagella, urease positive, swarming phenomenon, UTIs

What is the shape and staining characteristic of Yersinia?

Short thick rod, bipolar staining

Is Yersinia urease positive or negative?

Urease positive

What disease does Yersinia pestis cause?

Plague

What are the primary hosts for Yersinia pestis?

Rodents

Are humans considered primary or accidental hosts for Yersinia pestis?

Accidental hosts

What shape are Vibrio bacteria?

Curved rods (comma)

Are Vibrio bacteria aerobic or anaerobic?

Facultative

What type of enzyme do Vibrio bacteria test positive for?

Oxidase positive

What type of flagella do Vibrio bacteria have?

Polar or peritrichous flagella

In what type of environment do Vibrio bacteria typically live?

Aquatic

What is the salt requirement for Vibrio bacteria?

Halophile

What type of food is commonly associated with Vibrio bacteria?

Raw fish

What unique characteristic do some Vibrio species possess?

Bioluminescent

Halophile

salt loving

Haermophilus

Short rod, non motile, may form capsule, grow on enriched BAP or chocolate agar

What is Gardenerella?

A tiny rod bacterium.

What was Gardenerella once classified as?

Haemophilus.

Where is Gardenerella normally found?

In the female urogenital tract.

What condition can Gardenerella cause?

Vaginitis.

What can be a side effect of antibiotic treatment related to Gardenerella?

Vaginitis.

Miscellaneous gram negatives

Bacteroides, spirilla, spirochetes

What gram negatives are intracellular?

Rickettsia and chlamydia

Bacteroides

Short rods, OBLIGATE ANEROBES, 1010 cells per gram of human feces, opportunistic infections

Spirilla

Spiral shaped, motile, single or multiple polar flagella

What type of oxygen requirement does Campylobacter have?

Microaerophilic

What is Campylobacter's rank as a cause of foodborne illness?

2nd leading cause after Salmonella

What is a common symptom of Campylobacter infection?

Severe diarrhea, often bloody

In which type of animals is Campylobacter considered normal flora?

Especially birds

Microaerophillic

Lives in reduced O2

What is Helicobacter closely related to?

Campylobacter

What type of oxygen requirement does Helicobacter have?

Microaerophile

What feature does Helicobacter have on the end of its flagella?

Knobs

How does Helicobacter survive in the acidic conditions of the stomach?

By producing urease

Spirochetes

Motile, tightly coiled, aquatic environments

Spirochete motility

Endoflagella, protoplasmic cylinder, outer sheath, corkscrew

Treponema

Spirochete, anaerobic, flattened coil, very thin

Borrelia

Spirochete, MICROAEROPHILIC, LARGE SPIRALS SO EASY TO SEE

Leptospira

Spirochete, AEROBIC, finely coiled, bent

Spirochete is

spiral

Rickettsia

Obligate intracellular parasites, carried by arthropod vectors, highly infectious

What does obligate intracellular parasites mean?

Can only be cultured within cell and replicate in host cell cytoplasm and eventually burst cell

Chlamydia

Very small, parasitic, too small for gram stain, simple, NO ARTHROPOD vectors, airborne