HFDYA that the 1st great migration was the most significant change in the pattern of black settlement 1850-2009

What were the different periods of migration?

Return to the old south, 1st and second migrations, slow drift/post-civil war

When was the 1st great migration?

1910-1940

When was the 2nd Great Migration?

1940-1970

When was the Slow drift?

1865-1910

When was the return to the old south?

from the 1970s

from 1880-1900 how did the black population increase in chicago

6,480 to 30,150

from 1880-1900 how did the black population increase in NYC

65,000 to 100,000

by the end of 1910, how many BAs lived in the south, and how many of those were in rural areas?

87% in the south, 80% of those in rural areas (therefore slow drift showed minimal change)

What started the slow drift?

end of reconstruction, start of jim crow

where did BAs go in the slow drift?

North

Give one reason why the slow drift had little impact

there had been some movement before the civil war by northern abolitionists helping BAs - no drastic change in numbers

what did the slow drift migration help?

race consciousness and activism (but not much)

give some points on the slow drift and jobs for BAs

1. BAs still illiterate and unskilled - employment difficult

2. some northern employers and unions excluded BAs (not much impact of the migration as hard to sustain life and get jobs)

Why did BAs not move north before 1900 in terms of education?

northern school boards promoted de facto segregation

Why did BAs not move north before 1900 in terms of housing?

white landlords refused to rent/sell homes to BAs in white areas

why was the reality of the slow drift not impactful?

although this was the first opportunity for BAs to move freely because the end of slavery and dred scott case (so was significant in principle) in the reality BAs had work and housing problems

what effect did sharecropping have on the slow drift?

trapped BAs on the land in an exploitative system, kept rural, and kept poor (could be a push factor - people didnt want to stay)

What were 3 push factors for the great migration?

1. Jim Crow eg Georgia mob lynching 11 BAs 1918

2. over-depedence on cotton in the south

3. bad weather and disease - 1922 bad harvest in SC (500,000 black cotton workers left)

In the 1st migration how many southerners went north?

1.6 million

what were 3 pull factors for the 1st great migration?

1. jobs - more and better paid ($3.25/day for northern factory worker, $0.75 for a southern agricultural worker in 1918)

2. encouragement from other migrants - higher wages and less discrimination

3. northern black communities welcomed migrants

why did the first world war cause black American recruitment in the north?

disruption of European immigration, employers more likely to employ BAs

Name 4 reasons migration was not good

1. Bad urban housing

2. higher cost of living in the north

3. leaving friends and family

4. migrants increase racial tensions

give an example of racial tensions in the first migration

race riots after WWI eg. 25 cities with race riots in 1918 (competition for jobs and housing)

how did the black american population increase in the north between 1910 and 1930

40% increase mostly in major cities (NYC, detroit, chicago)

compare the move from south to north between the slow drift and the first migration

larger due to collapse in cotton trade (1914 boll weevil) and replacing conscripted workers and aircraft jobs

how many BAs moved in the second migration

5 million

what did 2 million BAs do during WWII

worked in the defence industries (well paid) in north and west cities eg. Oakland, LA

evaluation for 2nd migration being the most significant (4)

1. 5m people - most amount of people

2. dramatic change of racial composition in cities (chicago BAs in 1940 = 250,000; 1950 = 500,000)

3. this period had dense concentration of BAs in northern cities = increased black consciousness and political power eg. Phillip Randolph 1941 (black trade union) promised to bring Washington DC to a standstill forcing FDR to promote equality in the defence industries (2m BAs)

4. race riots due to overcrowding (Detroit - 9WAs dead and 25BAs dead and 800 injured 1943)

what are 6 reasons why BAs returned to the old south?

1. changes post 1960s

2. schools desegregated (brown)

3. northern ghettos deteriorated

4. less violence in the south

5. wanting to return home to relatives

6. more temperate climate

give 2 evaluation points about the impact of migration back to the old south

1. not as large a number as during the great migrations

2. increased political power for BAs in the south eg. Lee Brown (migrant), Houston mayor

give a statistic on 1950s BA city dwelling

1.8m BAs lived in the 12 largest cities in the USA

grand conclusion

1. 2nd great migration 1940-70 = most significant change in pattern of BA settlement

2. it was the most amount of people

3. it changed the distribution of BAs from rural to cities (increasing black consciousness and political power)

4. it saw the most BAs move from north to south

5. however all migration cause WA bitterness