Unit 4 AMSCO

Why was the Mississippi River so important to Northwest?

relied upon the Mississippi to transport grain to southern markets and the port of New Orleans

What two factors united the Northwest with the Northeast?

military by federal troops that drove American Indians from the land and building of canals and railroads that created common markets

What new inventions improved the efficiency of producing corn and wheat?

Steel plow and mechanical reaper

What was done with all the grain produced with steel plow?

feed cattle, supply brewers and shipped to cities to avoid spoiling

What type of roads connected the nation’s major cities?

short toll roads

Why didn’t the federal government construct additional roads?

state rights advocates blocked funding

What did the completion of the Erie Canal (1825) make possible?

lower food prices in East, more immigrants in West and economic ties between the two

What other new transportation technologies emerged, and what were the effects?

Steam engines and steamboats which revolutionized factories

What did the invention of the telegraph make possible?

people were able to communicate as fast as electricity could travel

How did the patent system contribute to innovation?

inventors looked forward to rewards if their ideas for new tools were practical

What innovation did Eli Whitney come up with, and what were their impacts?

interchangeable parts which led to mass production

How did corporate laws change and what did this lead to?

New York passed law that made it easier for business to raise money by selling shares which caused a raise in large sums of capital necessary for canals, roads, etc.

What contributed to the birth of the factory system in New England?

regions abundant waterpower and good seaports

Why did factory industry expand?

waterpower, labor supply, and shipping industry declining

What was the Lowell System?

recruiting young farm women and housing them in company dormitories.

What other types of labor did factory owners recruit?

Child labor and immigrants

Why did labor unions form, and what did they advocate for?

laborers had long hours, low pay and poor working conditions so they advocated for reduced work hours

Why were labor unions early successes limited?

immigrant replacement workers, laws outlawing unions, and economic depressions with high unemployment

Why did many subsistence farmers transition to commercial agriculture?

large areas for low prices, banks provided loans at low interest rates for farmers, and canals/railroads opened new markets to people

What did the cotton industry do for the South?

connected South with global industry

How did cotton industry link the South to the Northeast and Midwest?

Shipping firms, banks, and insurance companies in North prospered because of their role in transporting cotton and people bought other resources from Midwest

What were the primary impacts of the market revolution on American society?

development of American culture, increase in religious expression and support for reform movements

What happened to the standard of living during market revolution?

increased

What opportunities were available to single women who sought work outside the home?

domestic service and teaching

What was the “cult of domesticity?”

women are moral leaders in home

What restrictions remained for women?

legal restrictions like voting

What happened to wages and the wealth gap between rich and poor?

gap increased

What happened to social mobility?

possible but rare

What happened to the US population between 1800 and 1825, and then again between 1825 and 1850?

it doubled

What contributed to growth in population?

High birthrate

What was unique about the growth of the slave population in the US?

The population increased despite ban on importing African slaves

How many Europeans came to the US between 1830-1860?

4 million

What motivated all immigration from Europeans?

Development of ocean transportation, famine and war in Europe, and spread of idea of America as economic/political freedom

Where did most immigrants settle and why?

Northern coast cities because that’s where they arrived

How did immigration strengthen the economy?

Steady stream of inexpensive labor, and increased demand for mass produced goods

What problems plagued the growing cities?

High crime rate, crowded housing, poor sanitation, diseases

Where did new cities develop and why?

North because they were transfer and distribution points for goods

Why did goods become cheaper, and what happened as a result?

Increased manufacturing which caused increased standard of living

What problems did laborers deal with?

Long hours and harsh working conditions

What did laborers do as a result of their problems?

Organized labor unions and political parties to protect their intrests

What was the outcome of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)?

peaceful unions have the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers

What prevented workers from securing additional protections?

Depressions, employers/courts against unions, supply of low-wage immigrant labor

How did the definition of the western frontier change over time?

Changed the geographical boundaries of region

Where had most of the tribes migrated to by 1850?

West of Mississippi River

What advantage did nomadic tribes have as westward expansion continued?

easily move away from advancing settlers or oppose their encroachments by force.

What did the west represent in the American imagination?

represented the possibility of a fresh start

Who were the Mountain Men?

Earliest white people in Rocky Mountains

What characterized life for frontier settlers?

worked hard and had shelters built from available resources

Why did women have shorter life expectancies?

isolation, endless work, and childbirth

What became more common as white settlers expanded into the west?

Environmental Damages

What factors contributed to religious reform efforts in the Second Great Awakening period?

Growing emphasis on democracy, rational approach to religion prompted emotional reaction, market revolution led people to think industrialization was leading to sin and disruptions by market revolution

Who were some of the early leaders in the Second Great Awakening?

Timothy Dwight

What messages did leader in the Second Great Awakening preach?

opportunity for salvation for all

How did leaders in Second Great Awakening see themselves?

traditional Calvinists

What American attitude did preaching by leaders of Second Great Awakening reflect?

democracy

What did Charles Grandison Finney preach, and where was his message well-received?

preached that everyone could be saved through faith and hard work which appealed to people

What were camp meetings, and who did they attract?

outdoor revivals which attracted people who had never belonged to a church

What new branches of Christianity developed?

Millennialism and Church of Jesus Christ and Later-day Saints

What reform efforts did religious activists participate in?

reduce drinking, end slavery, and give better treatment for the mentally ill

What were some of the sources of Antebellum period’s reform efforts?

free public schools, improving treatment of mentally ill, controlling/ending alcohol, equal rights for women, and end slavery

Why did temperance become the most popular of the reform movements?

high rate of alcohol consumption led reformers to target alcohol as cause of crime, poverty, domestic abuse, etc.

What strategy did the American Temperance Society use to encourage people to stop drinking so much?

persuaded drinkers to take pledge of abstinence

What did the Washingtonians argue about Temperance?

argued it was a disease that needed practical and helpful treatment

Who opposed these temperance movements?

German and Irish immigrants

Besides women, who else supported temperance and why?

Factory owners and politicians because the movement could increase worker’s output on job

Why did Temperance movement lose ground in the 1850s?

slavery issues overshadowed it

What often happened to people who were poor, mentally ill, or incarcerated in the early 19th century?

forced to live in bad conditions or abused by caretakers

What did Dorothea Dix discover and what did she do?

she discovered the awful treatment of mentally ill and launched a crusade against it.

What new types of schools emerged around the nation by the 1850s?

schools for the deaf and blind

What reforms in prisons occurred, and what methodology was used?

building new prisons and using idea that structure and discipline would bring moral reform.

Why did many reformers want free public schools?

fears for future because of growing number of uneducated

Who was Horace Mann and what reforms did he implement?

was leading advocate for public school movement and he implemented required attendance and longer school year

What were the McGuffey Readers designed to do?

praise virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety

What changes occurred in higher education?

began to admit women

Why were family sizes decreasing in the early and mid 1830s despite the fact that most of the country remained rural?

industrialization reduced economic value of children and birth control

What did smaller family sizes mean for women?

had time to devote to organizations based on religion or moral uplift

What responsibility did women still have despite some progress?

in charge of household and children

What occurred at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848?

leading feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York and declared that everyone is created equal” and listed women’s grievances against laws that discriminated against them

How did religious revivalism contribute to growth in the antislavery movement?

led many Christians to view slavery as a sin

What did the Religious Revivalism contributions to the anti-slavery movement do to the debate about slavery?

moral view made compromise with defenders of slavery difficult

What did the American Colonization Society Advocate for?

transporting freed slaves to an African colony

How successful was the American Colonization Society group?

failed

Who was William Lloyd Garrison and what did he advocate?

he started publication of an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and advocated for end of slavery without compensating slave owners

How did William Lloyd Garrison feel about the US Constitution?

condemned it as a proslavery document

What did William Garrison’s radical attitudes cause?

led to a split in the abolitionist movement

Who was Frederick Douglas and what did he do?

former slave who spoke about the brutality and degradation of slavery

What did Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and others help organize?

helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory

Who were some advocates for slave rebellion?

David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet

What happened as a result of Nat Turner’s Rebellion?

fear of future uprisings as well as Garrison’s ideas put an end to antislavery talk in the South