Ectoprocta and Phoronida

This set of flashcards covers key concepts, characteristics, and classifications related to Ectoprocta and Phoronida as discussed in the lecture.

What are the two main groups discussed in this lecture?

Ectoprocta and Phoronida.

What is the total number of species of Ectoprocta?

5,869 species.

How many cryptic species are there in Ectoprocta?

Approximately 2,000 cryptic species.

What type of environment do Ectoprocta inhabit?

Freshwater, brackish, and marine environments.

What is one commercial product derived from Ectoprocta?

Bryostatin.

What is the total number of Phoronida species?

14 species.

In what types of environments do Phoronida thrive?

Brackish and marine environments.

What is the reproductive method of Phoronida?

They are either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic.

What kind of larval forms are found in Ectoprocta?

Distinctive cyphonautes (feeding) and coronate (non-feeding) larval forms.

What are the larval forms of Phoronida called?

Actinotroch (feeding) and slug-like (non-feeding) forms.

What is a unique characteristic of Ectoprocta colonies?

Colonies of polymorphic zooids with an outer cystid and inner polypide.

Do Ectoprocta have circulatory and excretory organs?

No, they lack circulatory and excretory organs.

What is a key anatomical feature of Phoronida?

A close circulatory system.

What structures allow for nutrient transport in Ectoprocta?

Funicular cord system connected by communication pores.

What is a polypide?

The collective term for the lophophore, gut, nervous system, musculature, and funicular tissue in Ectoprocta.

What is a cystid?

The outer stratified epithelial layer surrounding the polypide.

How do both Ectoprocta and Phoronida feed?

They are suspension feeders.

What is the significance of bryostatin?

It is a potential treatment for cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and AIDS.

How do Ectoprocta reproduce?

Zooids may be hermaphroditic, and some colonies have separate male and female zooids.

What are the characteristics of Group 1 Phoronid species?

Mostly gonochoristic species that freely spawn ova.

What is the average size of ova produced by Group 2 Phoronid species?

Larger mature ova of 100 micrometers or more.

What do ectoprocts do when in high densities?

They form a habitat for other species.

What type of genetic analysis is suggested for Ectoprocta and Phoronida?

More research is needed to determine genetic links.

What anatomical feature do Phoronids and Ectoprocts share?

A U-shaped gut.

Where is the anus located in both Ectoprocts and Phoronids?

Outside the tentacles.

What is a defining feature of the larval development in Phoronids?

Most have a feeding larval stage called an actinotroch.

What type of distribution do Ectoprocts and Phoronids have?

Worldwide distribution.

What two genera are included in the Phoronida taxonomy?

Phoronis and Phoronopsis.

What structure do Ectoprocta have that supports their morphology?

Colonies of zooids.

What are the two orders of gymnolaemate bryozoans?

Ctenostomata and Cheilostomata.

What does the term Bryozoa refer to?

The group historically encompassing Ectoprocta.

What is the role of funicular systems in Ectoprocta?

Transfer food to non-feeding forms within the colony.

How many total species of fossil Ectoprocta are known?

15,000 fossil species dating back to the Ordovician period.

What is a key feature of the reproductive system in Ectoprocta?

Mature sperm released from the coelomopore in the lophophore.

In what reproductive strategy are some Phoronids characterized?

Protandry.

What is one outcome of the increasing genetic research on Ectoprocta?

The potential reuniting of all lophophorates into a single monophyletic group.

What do both groups of animals produce for defensive purposes?

Secondary metabolites.

What term describes the combined body plan of Ectoprocta and Phoronids?

Trimeric body with coelomic cavities.

What type of ancient record provides evidence for Phoronida?

Fossil record with chitinous structures.

What larval form do most ectoprocts produce?

Non-feeding larvae, primarily of a coronate type.

What does the term 'hermaphroditic' mean in relation to Ectoprocta?

Some zooids possess both male and female reproductive organs.

What is the classification significance of Ectoprocta and Phoronida in relation to lophotrochozoan protostomes?

They share evolutionary relationships with spiralians.

Where can more information about Ectoprocta and Phoronida be found?

On databases like the Smithsonian National Museum and various marine species websites.

What physiological feature distinguishes adult Phoronids?

Tentacles that contain blind capillaries.

Which group has a larger suite of living species, Ectoprocta or Phoronida?

Ectoprocta.

What does the term 'metanephridia' refer to in Phoronids?

A single pair of kidneys involved in excretion.

What is the history and significance of bryozoan fossils?

They date back to the Ordovician period and provide morphological evidence for Ectoprocta.

What kind of body features do Ectoprocta and Phoronida share?

Both possess a lophophore.

What is indicated by recent studies regarding the classification of these groups?

They may be genetically linked to each other and other lophophorates.

What kind of larval development occurs in Group 3 Phoronids?

Embryos brood in parental tubes.

What would the absence of circulatory organs in Ectoprocta suggest about their biology?

They rely on diffusion and other methods for nutrient transport.