Equine_vaccination

What are the main types of equine vaccines?

Equine influenza, tetanus, EHV-1 and EHV-4, Strangles, Rotavirus, and EAV.

How long does natural immunity to equine influenza last?

Natural immunity lasts about 1 year, with immunity to infection potentially shorter.

What happens to unvaccinated horses during outbreaks?

Unvaccinated horses are affected worst during outbreaks of equine influenza.

How often should horses be revaccinated for equine influenza?

Horses should be revaccinated if it has been more than 6 months since their last vaccination.

What is the major concern of the 2018 equine influenza outbreak?

It highlighted the vulnerability of unvaccinated horses and those with longer vaccine intervals.

What type of immunity is generated by vaccination?

Vaccine-induced immunity is short-lived, lasting up to 6 months.

What are the markers for vaccine-induced immunity?

Circulating antibodies to HA and NA.

What do parenteral vaccines produce in response to equine influenza?

Parenteral vaccines primarily produce an IgG (T) response.

What is the key preventive measure against tetanus in horses?

Ensuring proper vaccination status, especially after any injury.

How is the tetanus toxoid vaccine administered?

It is given in 2 IM injections, 4-6 weeks apart, followed by boosters every 2 years.

What is the difference between tetanus toxoid and tetanus antitoxin?

Tetanus toxoid is for long-term immunity, while antitoxin provides short-term protection.

What are the recommended doses for equine influenza vaccines?

2 doses IM, 4-6 weeks apart, with a third dose at 6 months.

What is the vaccination schedule for competition horses?

Vaccination must occur every 6 months.

What are the consequences of not vaccinating against equine herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)?

Infection can lead to respiratory issues, abortions, stillbirths, and potentially fatal neurological disease.

How often should broodmares receive EHV vaccines?

Broodmares should be vaccinated at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation.

What are the clinical signs of strangles in horses?

Snotty discharge, abscessed sub-mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

What is the interval for the Equilis StrepE vaccine for strangles prevention?

It is administered every 6 months.

What is a notable downside of using the live strangles vaccine?

It interferes with ELISA testing.

What are the vaccine administration differences outlined for competition horses?

Different schedules including first and second doses differing in timing and booster intervals.

How many outbreaks were recorded in the major equine influenza outbreak from 2018 to 2019?

The specific number of outbreaks is not mentioned in the notes.

What is the main route of spread for equine influenza?

Equine influenza spreads quickly via aerosol.

What are common types of outbreaks listed in the UV vaccination notes?

Countries affected by the equine influenza outbreak include the UK and others listed.

What is the recommendation after an injury for tetanus prevention?

An injection of tetanus antitoxin should be given for short-term protection.

How often should horses receive tetanus boosters?

Every 2 years after initial vaccination.

What is the duration of immunity after equine influenza vaccination?

Vaccine-induced immunity lasts approximately 6 months.

What is the different response of natural immunity compared to vaccine-induced immunity?

Natural immunity lasts longer but is weaker to the strain than vaccine-induced immunity.

How does vaccination affect viral shedding in horses?

Vaccinated horses shed the virus for fewer days and show fewer clinical signs.

What is a key factor that can reduce vaccine effectiveness?

Vaccination strain's variability compared to emerging strains seen today.

What are the potential risks linked with EHV-1 outbreaks in horses?

Respiratory disease, abortion, stillbirths, and neonatal death.

What is the vaccination frequency for EHV in horses?

Every 6 months.

What is the impact of regular vaccination on competition horses?

Regular vaccination helps maintain compliance with competition rules.

How do adjuvants affect vaccine efficacy?

Adjuvants vary in their ability to stimulate antibodies at given HA levels.

What is the target population for the tetanus toxoid vaccine?

All horses should receive tetanus vaccination, especially after injuries.

What are the signs that indicate a horse may have strangles?

Bilateral snotty discharge and swollen lymph nodes.

What are two types of vaccines used for strangles prevention?

Equilis StrepE (live vaccine) and StrangVac4 (recombinant protein vaccine).