cell cycle and cell growth, death and differentiation

What is SA : V ratio?

The amount of surface area (cell membrane) compared to volume (inside of cell)

How does a high SA : V ratio speed up diffusion?

There is more surface area for exchange and a shorter distance for substances to travel inside the cell.

How does surface area to volume ratio (SA : V) affect cell survival?

A higher SA:V ratio allows for more efficient exchange of materials (e.g. nutrients, oxygen, waste) across the cell membrane, which is important for cell survival and growth

How does facilitated diffusion work?

Molecules move from high to low concentration through membrane proteins (channels or carriers) without using energy. It's used for substances that are too large or polar to pass through the lipid bilayer.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a programmed, controlled form of cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.

Necrosis

Necrosis is an uncontrolled form of cell death caused by injury, infection, or lack of blood supply, often leading to inflammation and damage to surrounding tissue.

Three germ layers that stem cells can differentiate in to

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Outline one difference in cytokinesis between a plant cell and an animal cell

In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the nuclei and develops into a new cell wall.