NI- IV- Evolution of Computer Software & Programming

John von Neumann (1903-1957)

•Proposed that both data and
instructions could be stored in the computer and that the instructions could be automatically carried out.
•Stored program concept was
subsequently implemented as a major concept in the evolution of the computer.

Loop Concept

Use of automatic
repetitious arithmetic steps that the analytical engine would follow to solve a problem.

Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

•Invented (but never built) a device that he named the analytical machine.
•It could perform mathematical
functions and instructions
communicated the machine.

August 2, 1790

America's founders decreed that a census be taken every 10 years and the first census was done.

Joseph Jacquard

A weaver from France and invented
the Jacquard Loom

Herman Hollerith

Used Jacquards ideas
but developed a machine that could read punched cards and
tabulate the result.

Grace Murray Hopper

•Mother of Computing
•Worked with the first
digital mainframe computers (Mark I and Mark II)
•Developed many concepts
and mathematical foundations
of computer programming science.
•Recognized that obscure assembly and machine-like
programming languages limited access to the computer and therefore the utility of
the machines.
•Her work formed the foundation for the first truly English-like language
(COBOL)
•Had an early vision of computers working independently and together
so that more could be accomplished.

System Software

-A program that manages and
supports the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such
as processing data and information, controlling
hardware components and allowing users to use application software.
•Starts up and initializes
the computer system.

Basic I/O System

Considered the first level of
system control since it searches
the OS in the hard drive and
loads it in the RAM as the
computer is turned on.
Consists of instructions permanently burned onto a
computer chip

Computer Software

General term for various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices

Programs

Translate instructions created in human language into machine language

Package

Packaged or stored software needed to make the computer an economic work tool

Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852)

-Countess of Lovelace
-Mathematician who described the concept of a stored computer program and was the first programmer in computer history

1860

•Found out that manual method of processing
census were inadequate.

Jacquard Loom

A device that uses
blocks of wood with holes drilled in such a way that the threads to be woven into cloth could form a program to the loom.
-The program varied the way the cloth was worked by the loom so that a particular design would be produces in the fabric.

1884

Patented his machine and
punched-card system.

Tabulating Machine

Formed a company
called
"__________ __________" and was soon became " International Business Machine (IBM)".

1984

•IBM discontinued selling its card puncher thus stopped
the promotion of the punched-card method of entering programs and
data into computers

MID -1980s

Keypunch machines and punched card readers were withdrawn from the computer centers.

Debugging

checking the program
to ensure that the computer is free of error.

1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Types of Computer Software:

1. Basic I/O System
2. OS
3. OS - DOS
4. OS - GUI
5. Utility Program

TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

OS

✓ Responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer
✓ Acts as a host for applications that
are run on the machine.
✓ Handle the details of the operation of the hardware relieving application programs from managing these details
and makes it easier to write
applications.

OS - DOS

✓ A medium through which the user and
external devices attached to the system
communicate with the system.
✓ Translate the command issued by the
user in the format that is understandable
by the computer and instruct computer to
work accordingly.
✓ Also translates the result and any error
message in the format for the user to
understand.

OS - GUI

✓ A program that enables a person to
communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, visual metaphors, and
pointing devices.
✓ Replaced the arcane and difficult textual interfaces of earlier computing with a relatively intuitive system that has made computer operation not only easier to learn but more pleasant and natural.
✓ Is now the standard computer interface, and its components have become unmistakable cultural artifacts.

Utility Program

-Designed to enhance the functions of the OS or to add facilities that the basic OS does not offer.
-Include programs that provide algorithms
(formulae) for efficiently sorting a large set of numbers or character-based items, copying files or parts of files, security programs, and the like.
-Language Translation Utilities, www and
Web browsers

Application Software

Programs that specify the
information processing activities required for the completion of
specific tasks of computer users.

1. DOCUMENTATION
SOFTWARE
2. CONTENT ACCESS SOFTWARE
3. MEDIA CREATION
SOFTWARE
4. HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)
5. COMMUNICATION SOFTWARES
6. REFERENCE SOFTWARES

APPLICATION SOFTWARE TYPES:

*Word Processing
Software
*Spreadsheet Software
*Presentation Software
*Standard Office Software

1. DOCUMENTATION SOFTWARE TYPES

Word Processing

Writing tasks such as keying in reports,
letters, tables, as well as merging
documents, editing, revising, formatting,
copying, storing, printing and availability of
font styles and sizes to make the document
attractive can be performed easily.

Spreadsheet

Permits performance of an almost endless
variety of quantitative tasks such as
budgeting, keeping track of inventory,
preparing financial reports, or
manipulating numbers in any fashion

Presentation

Organizes a slide show for an audience
including text, graphics, sound, and movies.

Standard Office Software

Most common software packages sold with
computers

Includes: Word processing, spreadsheet,
presentation and database management
system programs
Open Office, Free Office, Microsoft Office
Suites

*Web Browsers
*Media Players

2. CONTENT ACCESS SOFTWARE TYPES

Web Browsers

Software application for retrieving,
presenting, and traversing information
resources on the Worldwide Web (www)
- Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer,
Opera, Safari

Media Players

For playing back multimedia files (music,
videos or both)

* 3D Computer Graphics
Software
*Animation Software

3. MEDIA CREATION SOFTWARE TYPES:

3D Computer Graphics Software

Programs used to create 3D computer-generated imagery. Examples include 3DsMax, Maya, SketchUp, Blender.

Animation Software

Used for generating animated images by using computer graphics.

HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)

-Admission, Discharge and Transfer (ADT) systems
that help with patient tracking and Medication
Administration Record (MAR) software.
--Charting Software that computerizes at least
some parts of the nursing record.
---Computerized Patient Acuity System used to help
with nurse staff allocation.
----Hospital e-mail system used for hospital
communications.

*CHAT ROOMS
*SOCIAL NETWORK
*ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD

5. COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE TYPES

CHAT ROOMS

Electronic conference calls where multiple users
can send and receive messages at the same time.
SYNCHRONOUS

SOCIAL NETWORK

Refers to any number of web addresses designed
to create online communities that are focused
around common interests, goals, or simply away
for people to interact.

ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD

An early form of computer conferencing but may
be called discussion boards or electronic forums
where users can post messages at the time of
their convenience.
ASYNCHRONOUS

REFERENCE
SOFTWARES

Drug guides
Medical Dictionaries
Consult guides
Nursing Books (E-Books)

PROGRAM

Result of expressing an algorithm in a programming language, consisting of organized instruction sets.

ALGORITHM

Set of instructions and their order of performance, defining sequence and steps.

PROGRAMMING

The process of writing an algorithm using a programming language.

PROGRAMMER

The person writing a set of instructions using programming languages.

1ST LEVEL
2ND LEVEL
3RD LEVEL

CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

- MACHINE LANGUAGE
-ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE

1ST LEVEL

MACHINE LANGUAGE

✓ The true language of the computer.
✓ Consist of binary numbers 1 and 0.
✓ Machine-dependent (unique)

ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE

✓ Intermediate languages that are very close to
machine language
✓ One command in machine language is a single
instruction to the processor
✓ Instructions have a one to one correspondence with a machine language
instruction

-HIGH LEVEL PRECEDURAL LANGUAGE
- FORTRAN
-COBOL
-C
-C++
-JAVA
-VISUAL PROGRAMMING LANGGUAGES
-NON-PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE

2nd LEVEL

HIGH LEVEL PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE

-Requires the programmer to specify both what
the computer is to do and the procedure for how
to do it.
-Far more English-like language
-A single comma or letter out of place will cause
the program to crash.
-The style and sequence of a language are called
its SYNTAX.

FORTRAN

-First high-level computer language introducing key concepts like variables, expressions, iterative and conditional statements, and separately compiled subroutines.

COBOL

-First universal programming language
-The first truly English-like language
-A language that can be run on any computer
makes and models.
-Designed for writing business programs with
minimum of time and effort

C

-It was named after an earlier prototype program called simply B.
-Most popular computer language for writing
new OS and other system programs

C++

Used for a variety of applications, especially
those that allows users to interact with
electronic companies through the Internet.

JAVA

Was developed by Sun Microsystems to be a relatively
simple language that would provide portability across
differing computer platforms and the security needed
for use on a huge, public network like the internet.
Critical for any serious web developers

VISUAL
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES

-Developed to facilitate program development in
graphics-based environments.
• Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code (BASIC)
o The first lingua franca of
microcomputers
Often taught to beginning programmers

NON-PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE

-Are specialized application programs that requires more
involvement of the user in directing the program to do
the necessary work.
-A user specifies what the program is to do, but not how
the program is to perform the task.
The how is already programmed by the manufacturer of
the language program.

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

A statistical analysis program, the user enters a command
that tells the computer to compute a chi-square statistic
on a particular datasheet. The formula is already a part
of the program; the user does not have to tell SPSS how
to calculate

-NATURAL LANGUAGE
-PROBLEM DEFINITION
-PROGRAM DESIGN
-WRITING THE CODE
AND PROGRAM
PREPARATION
-ALPHA TESTING
-BETA TESTING AND
PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION

3RD LEVEL

NATURAL LANGUAGE

-The user tells the machine what to do in the user's own
natural language or through use of a set of very Englishlike commands.
-Any user could give understandable commands to the
computer in his or her own word style and accent is
being performed.
-Voice recognition technology is integrated with the
language so that voice commands are recognized and
executed

PROBLEM DEFINITION

Involves identification of the problem to be solved
regarded as the most crucial step in programming

PROGRAM DESIGN

Where the process designing takes place

WRITING THE CODE
AND PROGRAM
PREPARATION

Includes structure and narrative documentation

ALPHA TESTING

(desk checking) where components
are checked to see if all the processes appear to be
functioning as specified in the flow charts,
functional specifications and design spec

BETA TESTING AND PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION

Involves installation to actual user environment that
signals program implementation.