CHEM 1601 Functional Groups

Alkane

saturated C; maximum number of single bonds, not typically considered a functional group

Alkene

C=C double bond; can be bonded to H, C, other heteroatoms as long as it's not aromatic (aryl)

Alkyne

carbon-carbon triple bond; can also be bonded to H, C, other heteroatoms

Aryl (aromatic ring)

characteristic ring of 6 C atoms w alternating double bonds (can be substituted at each C atom)

Alcohol

(OH) group attached to a C atom; as long as its not on a carboxylic acid

Ether

the two R groups are two alkyl or two hydrocarbon groups

Aldehyde

The C=O is called a carbonyl; there MUST be at least one H bonded to the C of the C=O

Ketone

the carbonyl C is bonded to 2 other C groups that do not change the identity of the functional group

Carboxylic acid

COOH, CO2H are two common ways of representing the functional group

Ester

Looks similar to carboxylic acids, but the H (acidic H) is replaced by another C group

Amide

Has the C=O then a bond to an N, the N can be bonded to 2 Hs, 1 H, 1 R, or 2 R groups

Ammonia

NH3

Amine (primary)

based on the structure of ammonia, where 1 of the H atoms is replaced with a C group

Amine (secondary)

based on the structure of ammonia, where 2 of the H atoms are replaced with a C group

Amine (tertiary)

based on the structure of ammonia, where 3 of the H atoms are replaced with a C group

R

alkyl or a carbon-containing portion of the molecule that does not change the identity of the functional group