Kinesiology anatomy exam

Cervical Atlas

C1 vertebra; supports the skull.

Cervical Axis

C2 vertebra; allows for head rotation.

Lumbar Vertebrae

Five large vertebrae (L1-L5) in the lower back, designed for weight bearing.

Sacrum

Large, triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5).

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts or bones at a joint.

Abduction

Movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of the body.

Supination

Rotational movement of the forearm and hand in which the palm faces anteriorly (upward).

Plantar Flexion

Movement of the foot that extends the foot downwards, pointing the toes.

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot that flexes the foot upward towards the shin.

Inversion (Foot)

Movement of the sole of the foot inward towards the midline.

Eversion (Foot)

Movement of the sole of the foot outward away from the midline.

Internal (Medial) Rotation

Rotational movement of a limb around its longitudinal axis toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Depression

Movement that lowers a body part, such as the scapula or mandible.

Elevation

Movement that raises a body part, such as the scapula or mandible.

Protraction

Movement of a body part forward on a horizontal plane, such as the mandible or scapula.

Retraction

Movement of a body part backward on a horizontal plane, such as the mandible or scapula.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips of the same hand.

Reposition

Movement of the thumb from opposition back to its anatomical position.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Support, protection of organs, movement (with muscles), mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus), and blood cell production (hematopoiesis).

Cervical Vertebrae

Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) forming the neck region.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) located in the mid-back, articulating with the ribs.

Coccyx

Small, triangular bone at the very end of the spine, commonly known as the tailbone.

Frontal Bone

Bone forming the forehead.

Parietal Bone

Either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones, forming the top and sides of the cranium.

Occipital Bone

Bone forming the back of the head.

Temporal Bone

Bone located on the sides and base of the skull, near the temples.

Maxilla

Bone forming the upper jaw.

Mandible

The U-shaped bone forming the lower jaw, holding the lower teeth, and capable of movement.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts or bones at a joint, straightening a limb.

Adduction

Movement of a limb or body part toward the midline of the body.

External (Lateral) Rotation

Rotational movement of a limb around its longitudinal axis away from the midline of the body.

Zygomatic Bone

Facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheek and part of the orbit; commonly known as the cheekbone.

Nuchal Line

Ridge on the external surface of the occipital bone, serving as an attachment point for neck muscles.

Nasal Bone

Bone forming the bridge of the nose.

True Ribs (1-7)

Ribs (1-7) that have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage.

False Ribs (8-12)

Ribs (8-12) that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum (either indirectly attached or not at all).

Floating Ribs

Last two pairs of ribs (11-12) that do not attach to the sternum or other ribs.

Costal Cartilage

Cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum.

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum.

Sternum Body

Main long part of the sternum.

Xiphoid Process

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.

Ilium

The largest and uppermost part of the hip bone.

Ischium

The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis, forming the 'sitting bones'.

Pubis

The medial anterior portion of the pelvis.

Symphysis Pubis

A cartilaginous joint that is the point of fusion for the two pubic bones, located anteriorly.

Acetabulum

The hip socket, a cup-shaped depression on the lateral surface of the hip bone, articulating with the head of the femur.

Obturator Foramen

Large opening in the hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami.

Scapular Spine

Prominent ridge running horizontally along the posterior aspect of the scapula, dividing it into supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossae.

Acromion Process

The highest portion of the shoulder, forming the lateral part of the scapular spine and articulating with the clavicle.

Glenoid Fossa (Cavity)

Shallow articular surface (cavity) on the lateral aspect of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Clavicle

The collar bone, a slender, curved bone extending between the sternum and the acromion.

Head of Humerus

The rounded proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Deltoid Tuberosity

Rough, triangular elevation on the lateral surface of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

Radius

The lateral bone of the forearm, articulating with the humerus and carpals, allowing for rotation.

Ulna

The medial bone of the forearm, forming the elbow joint with the humerus.

Olecranon Process

Large, bony projection on the proximal end of the ulna, forming the prominent bone of the elbow.

Carpals

Eight small bones that form the wrist (carpus), arranged in two rows.

Scaphoid

Largest carpal bone in the wrist, located on the thumb side, commonly fractured.

Metacarpals

Five long bones that form the palm of the hand, connecting the carpals to the phalanges.

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes; each digit typically has three (proximal, middle, distal), except the thumb/great toe (two).

Femur

The longest and strongest bone in the human body, forming the upper leg (thigh bone).

Head of Femur

The rounded proximal end of the femur that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.

Greater Trochanter

Large, irregular bony prominence located on the proximal lateral aspect of the femur, serving as a muscle attachment site.

Tibia

The larger of the two bones in the lower leg, commonly known as the shin bone, supporting most of the body's weight.

Medial Malleolus

Bony prominence on the medial side of the ankle, formed by the distal end of the tibia.

Fibula

The lateral and smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, also known as the calf bone.

Lateral Malleolus

Bony prominence on the lateral side of the ankle, formed by the distal end of the fibula.

Tarsals

Seven irregularly shaped bones that form the ankle (tarsus) and upper part of the foot.

Talus

Second largest tarsal bone, forming the upper part of the ankle joint, articulating with the tibia and fibula.

Calcaneus

The largest tarsal bone, forming the heel of the foot; commonly known as the heel bone.

Metatarsals

Five long bones that form the sole of the foot, connecting the tarsals to the phalanges.

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes; each digit typically has three (proximal, middle, distal), except the thumb/great toe (two).

Deltoid

Large, triangular muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder.

Pectoralis Major

Large, fan-shaped muscle covering the upper part of the chest.

Gluteus Maximus

Largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles, forming the prominence of the buttocks.

Triceps Brachii

Large muscle on the posterior aspect of the upper arm, responsible for elbow extension.

Biceps Brachii

Two-headed muscle on the anterior aspect of the upper arm, responsible for elbow flexion.

Latissimus Dorsi

Large, flat muscle of the lower back, extending to the upper arm.

Rectus Abdominis

Paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior abdominal wall; commonly known as 'abs'.

Biceps Femoris

One of the three hamstring muscles, located on the posterior thigh.

Rectus Femoris

One of the four quadriceps muscles, located centrally on the anterior thigh.

Gastrocnemius

Large, superficial muscle at the posterior leg, forming part of the calf.

Trapezius

Large, superficial muscle extending from the neck to the mid-back and shoulders.

Erector Spinae Group

Group of muscles that run along the vertebral column, primarily responsible for extending and straightening the back.

Tibialis Anterior

Muscle located on the anterior lower leg, primarily responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

Anterior

Front or toward the front.

Posterior

Back or toward the back.

Superior

Above or higher than another body part.

Inferior

Below or lower than another body part.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Function of Deltoid

Shoulder abduction.

Function of Trapezius

Elevation, retraction, and rotation of the scapula.

Function of Pectoralis Major

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus.

Function of Latissimus Dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus.

Function of Biceps Brachii

Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.

Function of Triceps Brachii

Extends the elbow.