CRIMINAL JUSTICE FINAL REVIEW

What is ransomware?

Extortion malware that locks your computer

What was decided in In re Gault?

The Supreme Court ruled that the due process rights of juveniles must be respected in court proceedings, establishing that minors have the right to legal counsel and fair hearings.

What is a status offense?

A type of juvenile offense that is not considered a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home.

What is the primary purpose of diversion programs?

Avoid labeling and incarceration of juvenile offenders by providing alternative interventions.

What does the 6th Amendment guarantee?

Right to an attorney

Why do parole officers typically carry firearms?

They supervise higher-risk clients.

What is a day reporting center?

A facility for monitoring individuals on probation or parole, providing resources and support to help them reintegrate into society.

What is the reformatory prison model?

A correctional philosophy focused on rehabilitating offenders through education, vocational training, and psychological treatment instead of purely punitive measures.

How much do ankle monitors typically cost offenders per week?

$30-$100

What is forfeiture?

The legal process where property or assets are seized by the government due to involvement in illegal activities, often without compensation.

What is parole?

The conditional release of a prisoner before the full sentence is served, allowing them to reintegrate into society under supervision and adhering to specific conditions.

What is the Second Chance Act?

A law aimed at improving the reentry process for formerly incarcerated individuals, providing resources for rehabilitation, transitional housing and reducing recidivism.

What is the Pennsylvania prison model?

A correctional model emphasizing rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates, using a structured environment, educational programs, and separate confinement.

What is furlough?

A temporary release of a prisoner from incarceration, typically for specific purposes such as family emergencies or work, under certain conditions.

What does the Auburn prison system emphasize?

It promotes labor, silence during work, and a structured routine to reform behavior.

What is the 13th Amendment?

The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

What is a common social media scam?

Check fraud

What is included in cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking includes harassing or threatening behaviors conducted through electronic means, such as social media, email, or text messages. It can also include GPS tracking or webcam access.

What is ELF?

An international underground organization that uses direct action and acts of economic sabotage and property destruction to stop what they perceive to be threats to the natural environment.

What is the school to prison pipeline?

A disturbing trend where students, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds, face harsh school disciplinary actions that may lead to juvenile incarceration.

What is the dark web?

A part of the internet not indexed by traditional search engines, often associated with illegal activities and anonymity for users.

What proportion of cybercrime does the dark web account for?

While specific estimates vary, it is believed that the dark web accounts for a significant percentage of cybercrime, with some reports suggesting around 10-20%.

What do juvenile detention centers guarantee?

Safe confinement and rehabilitation for minors in the justice system, providing education and therapeutic services.

What is the contract prison labor system?

A system where incarcerated individuals work for little or no pay as part of their confinement, often employed by private companies or government agencies. It aims to provide skills training but raises ethical concerns regarding exploitation.

What is the lease prison system?

A method where private companies pay to manage prisons and utilize inmate labor for profit, raising concerns about care and rehabilitation.

What is the difference between lease prison system and the contract prison system?

The lease prison system involves private companies paying to run prisons and directly profit from inmate labor, while the contract prison labor system allows prisoners to work for minimal compensation under contracts with various entities. Both systems raise ethical issues related to exploitation and inmate welfare.

What is the primary goal of most terrorist organizations?

to achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives through violence and fear, aiming to influence government policies or societal behavior.

What is a fitness hearing in juvenile court?

a legal proceeding in juvenile court that determines whether a minor should be tried as an adult or remain in the juvenile system, taking into account the juvenile's age, mental state, and the nature of the offense.

1st Amendment

Protects the freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

Protects the right to keep and bear arms.

3rd Amendment

Prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th Amendment

Guarantees the right to due process, prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, and the right to counsel.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

Affirms that the enumeration of specific rights in the Constitution does not deny others retained by the people.

10th Amendment

States that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.

11th Amendment

Limits the ability of individuals to sue states in federal court.

12th Amendment

Revises the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

13th Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

What is identity theft?

the act of illegally obtaining and using someone else's personal information, such as Social Security numbers or credit card details, typically for financial gain.

What is counterfeiting?

the act of producing imitation currency, documents, or goods with the intent to deceive or defraud, usually for financial gain.

What are two reasons to be cautious about assuming that new technological developments automatically provide benefits for the criminal justice system?

One reason is that new technologies may exacerbate existing inequalities within the system. Another reason is the potential for misuse of technology, which can lead to privacy violations or wrongful convictions.

What actions have been taken to combat counterfeit currency in the US?

Redesign of US currency, seizure of counterfeit currencyand enforcement of strict penalties for counterfeiting offenses.

What types of harm are caused by counterfeit products in the US?

Counterfeit products can cause economic losses to legitimate businesses, pose safety risks to consumers, and undermine the integrity of brand reputations.

What is the Geographic Information System (GIS)?

A technology used for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing spatial and geographic data, which can aid in crime mapping and resource allocation in criminal justice.

What is DNA analysis?

A forensic technique used to identify individuals by examining their unique genetic material, often utilized in criminal investigations and exonerations.

How do computers n patrol cars aid officers in communication issues?

provide real-time access to data, enhance communication with dispatch, and enable officers to send and receive critical information while on the move, improving response times and situational awareness.

What kinds of information can be collected in law enforcement database?

Fingerprints, tattoos, DNA samples, gun/ballistics records

What is probation?

Conditional release of a person back into the community under the supervision of a probation officer.

What are some conditions that can be monitored during probation?

Drug testing, curfews, weekly check-ins.

What is the purpose of risk assessments in probation?

To determine who is most likely to recidivate and how to prevent it.

What percentage of the population do black individuals represent in Minnesota prisons?

40% of the prison population, while only making up 7% of the general population.

What does home confinement entail?

An offender must remain inside their home during specific times and is monitored via GPS.

What is a Day Reporting Center?

A center where individuals report during the day for treatment, job assistance, and educational programs.

What is an example of intermittent confinement?

Being jailed only on weekends or evenings.

What is community service in the context of sentencing?

Serving unpaid labor in the community, often as an alternative to incarceration or probation.

What is parole?

Conditional release from incarceration before a sentence ends, with specific conditions to follow.

What is the significance of the 2nd Chance Act?

A bill proposing additional assistance to those released from prison.

What was the first juvenile facility established?

The New York House of Refuge in 1825.

What is a status offender?

A juvenile whose behavior is deemed illegal because of their age.

What are the advantages of diversion programs for juvenile offenders?

Reduces premature involvement in the juvenile justice system, avoids labeling, and is cheaper than incarceration.

What is the most common crime committed by juveniles?

Theft.

What issues arise from juvenile incarceration?

Higher recidivism rates, negative impacts on education and employment, and potential for abuse.

What is restorative justice?

An approach in juvenile corrections focusing on repairing harm and involving all stakeholders.

What was the first juvenile facility established?

The New York House of Refuge, created in 1825.

What were common issues faced in juvenile facilities after the first establishment?

Facilities became overcrowded, abusive, and lacked educational opportunities.

What significant event regarding juvenile justice occurred in 1899?

The establishment of the first juvenile courts in the United States.

What were juvenile courts like in the early 1900s?

They were informal, with no legal representation and focused more on conversation between the judge and the juvenile.

What landmark case in 1967 addressed juvenile due process?

In re Gault, which established that juveniles have constitutional due process rights.

Do juveniles have the right to a trial by jury?

No, juveniles do not have the right to a trial by jury, though some states have overturned this ruling.

What is a status offender?

A juvenile whose behavior is deemed illegal solely because of their age, such as incorrigibility.

What is the first step in the juvenile justice process after an arrest?

Juvenile intake, which involves a dismissal, diversion, or petition.

What occurs during a fitness hearing in juvenile court?

It determines whether a juvenile should be transferred to the adult court system.

What is the primary goal of diversion programs for juveniles?

To redirect juvenile offenders through programming, supervision, and supports to avoid labeling and incarceration.

What are some common crimes committed by juveniles in schools?

Bullying and fighting.

What is the school-to-prison pipeline?

Policies that increase police presence in schools and harsh disciplinary actions leading to suspensions or arrests.

How many facilities currently serve juveniles, and what is the average stay?

There are approximately 625 facilities for juveniles, with an average stay of 27 days.

What are some rights of juveniles in detention?

Rights to education, outdoor time, activities, religious practices, access to families, medical care, and due process.

What alternative programs are available for juveniles instead of incarceration?

Youth advocates, education programs, job training, rehabilitation resources, mentors, intensive therapy, and restorative justice.

What was the impact of juvenile incarceration on recidivism?

Juvenile incarceration is not a deterrent and results in higher recidivism rates.

What are some negative consequences of juvenile incarceration?

Negative impacts on education, employment opportunities, health, and potential for abuse.

What role do School Resource Officers play in schools?

They increase police presence in schools, which can result in the criminalization of behaviors typically handled by school officials.

What is net-widening in the context of diversion programs?

When diversion programs lead to more juveniles being diverted into formal processing rather than dismissed, thus increasing the system's reach.

What trends were observed in juvenile crime rates in the 1980s and 1990s?

Juvenile crime rates increased during this time, particularly in certain violent and gun crimes.

What is the purpose of community programs in juvenile justice?

To provide education, job training, rehabilitation resources, and support in the community to prevent juvenile delinquency.