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The Tragedy of the Commons
Concept introduced by Garrett Hardin in 1968, highlighting the depletion and pollution of shared resources due to individual exploitation.
Clear-Cutting
Forestry practice involving the simultaneous cutting of all trees in an area, leading to habitat loss, soil erosion, and reduced biodiversity.
Agricultural Revolutions
Historical shifts in farming practices, including the transition from hunting to settled agriculture, mechanization, and the adoption of biotechnology for sustainable food production.
Desertification
Conversion of marginal land into desert-like conditions, often due to overgrazing, deforestation, and poor agricultural practices.
Irrigation Methods
Techniques such as drip, flood, furrow, and spray used to supply controlled water amounts to crops, essential for agriculture for over 5,000 years.
Pest-Control Methods
Strategies like Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combining biological, chemical, and physical methods to control pests sustainably and reduce pesticide resistance.
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
Intensive animal feeding operations with environmental risks due to large amounts of waste, impacting water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
Overfishing
The unsustainable practice of depleting fish populations beyond their ability to recover, threatening marine ecosystems and food security.
Mining
The extraction of mineral resources from the ground, impacting landscapes, ecosystems, and local communities.
Surface Mining
Involves methods like contour mining, dredging, in situ extraction, mountaintop removal, open pit, and strip mining.
Contour Mining
Removing overburden following the land's contours to access the seam.
Dredging
Mining method below the water table, often used in gold mining, using suction or scoops.
In situ Extraction
Drilling holes into the Earth and injecting solvents to extract resources.
Mountaintop Removal
Removing mountaintops to access coal seams and disposing of overburden in adjacent areas.
Open Pit Mining
Extracting minerals from the Earth's surface through an open pit.
Strip Mining
Exposing coal by removing soil above each coal seam.
Underground Mining
Involves methods like blasting, longwall mining, and room-and-pillar mining.
Blast Mining
Uses explosives to break up the seam for transportation to processing centers.
Longwall Mining
Utilizes a rotating drum with teeth to extract material from coal seams.