AP Psych College Board Exam Questions

To remember a list of terms for class, you decide to recite the list of terms over and over again. This process is an example of

(A) elaborate rehearsal

(B) processing speed

(C) levels of processing

(D) maintenance rehearsal

(E)chunking

(D) maintenance rehearsal

Which stage described by Erikson corresponds most closely to Freud's anal stage of psychosocial development?

(A) trust versus mistrust

(B) initiative versus guilt

(C) integrity versus despair

(D) incorporation versus dependence

(E)autonomy versus shame and doubt

(E) autonomy versus shame and doubt

The study of emotions has been of interest to psychologists for many years, in the form of different theories. Which of the following controversies is most important in this area?

(A) whether people really have emotions

(B) whether emotions happen before or after thought

(C) whether emotions happen before or after physiological response

(D) whether people "make up" their own emotions

(E)whether people are unaware of their own emotions

(C) whether emotions happen before or after physiological response

If a person's score on the WAIS is the mean, his IQ score would be about what percentile?

(A) 2

(B) 10

(C) 16

(D) 50

(E)84

(D) 50

Which of the following concepts is most associated with Freudian or psychoanalytic therapy?

(A) flooding

(B) free association

(C) unconditional positive regard

(D) positive reinforcement

(E)punishment

(B) free association

Jean Piaget's major contribution to theories of child development stem from his studies on

(A) social development

(B) cognitive development

(C) recessive gene inheritance

(D) physical development

(E) IQ scores and heredity

(B) cognitive development

In some pioneering work on development, Harry Harlow examined how food was delivered to infant monkeys. His work with monkeys and surrogate mothers suggests that

(A) bottle-fed infants are less attached to their mothers than breast-fed infants

(B) infants prefer to be around their mother

(C) contact comfort is more important than provision of food

(D) infant monkeys generally refuse all milk but that of their mother

(E)infants will cling to any object that provides food

(C) contact comfort is more important than provision of food

Most likely to criticize Skinner's theory on language acquisition would be

(A) Raymond Cattell

(B) Noam Chomsky

(C) Lev Vygotsky

(D) Walter Mischel

(E) Jean Piaget

(B) Noam Chomsky

The importance of vicarious learning was most clearly demonstrated by

(A) Carl Jung

(B) B.F. Skinner

(C) Raymond Cattell

(D) Albert Bandura

(E) John Watson

(D) Albert Bandura

An Olympic speed skater has never been able to beat a time of 4:50 seconds in a race. During the Olympics, however, he is paired with a very strong skater, and ends up beating his best time. This exemplifies the theory of

(A) social influence

(B) self-fulfilling prophecy

(C) social facilitation

(D) foot in the door

(E) groupthink

(C) social facilitation

Tammy wanted to remember a list of items she needs to buy at the mall, without writing that list down. Her list had 40 items. While at the mall, she was able to remember the first few items on the list, but not the rest. She was demonstrating the effect of

(A) chunking

(B) mnemonics

(C) recency

(D) primacy

(E) organizational drift

(D) primacy

Of the following treatments, which would most likely be used with those who suffer from some developmental delays?

(A) token economies

(B) psychoanalysis

(C) cognitive therapy

(D) systematic desensitization

(E)client-centered therapy

(A) token economies

Who was the psychologist who developed the first stage theory of cognitive development?

(A) Sigmund Freud

(B) Jean Piaget

(C) Erik Erikson

(D) Harry Harlow

(E) Carol Gilligan

(B) Jean Piaget

If you were in a car accident and damaged your hippocampus, you would probably experience problems with

(A) memory

(B) sensory processing

(C) motor control

(D) language

(E)vision

(A) memory

In the majority of people, the left hemisphere is dominant for

(A) vision

(B) thought

(C) language

(D) memory

(E)attention

(C) language

Depth perception is obtained by a variety of cues in the environment. Which of the following cues is based on the different images we get from our eyes, because of their location in our heads?

(A) interposition

(B) linear perspective

(C) context

(D) localization

(E)binocular disparity

(E)binocular disparity

Not helping someone because you are in a group is due to which of the following concepts in social psychology?

(A) diffusion of responsibility

(B) groupthink

(C) stereotyping

(D) just world hypothesis

(E)fundamental attribution error

(A) diffusion of responsibility

Candace suffers from anxiety when around people that she is attracted to. She doesn't know why, but when she was a child, she suffered some trauma. That trauma affects her, even though she doesn't recognize it. According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanism keeps Candace from knowing about her childhood trauma?

(A) displacement

(B) transference

(C) repression

(D) compensation

(E) rationalization

(C) repression

Which of the following is NOT a Jungian archetype?

(A) persona

(B) shadow

(C) anima

(D) animus

(E) superego

(E) superego

A central tenet of the Gestalt school is that

(A) studying consciousness is essential to understanding psychology

(B) mind is what brain does

(C) a perception must be studied in its whole or molar form

(D) all that is important in psychology is that which is observable

(E)biology is the most important element in understanding behavior

(C) a perception must be studied in its whole or molar form

The perceived volume of a tone is mainly determined by its

(A) frequency

(B) timbre

(C) amplitude

(D) overtones

(E)saturation

(C) amplitude

Shannon forgot her pillow when she went camping, so she complained about having to sleep with her head flat the whole night. Her failure to fold up her jeans and sweater to use as a pillow-substitute best illustrates the effects of

(A) the availability heuristic

(B) functional fixedness

(C) confirmation bias

(D) the representative heuristic

(E)belief perseverance

(B) functional fixedness

According to Abraham Maslow, esteem needs must at least be partially met before one is prompted to satisfy

(A) belongingness needs

(B) physiological needs

(C) self actualization needs

(D) love needs

(E)safety needs

(C) self actualization needs

The most widely used self-report inventory for personality assessment is the

(A) MMPI-2

(B) TAT

(C) WAIS-R

(D) Rorschach

(E)PSAT

(A) MMPI-2

Behavioral therapy typically alters the patterns of responding of clients by

(A) helping patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences

(B) vigorously challenging clients' illogical ways of thinking

(C) influencing patients by controlling the consequences of their actions

(D) repeating or rephrasing what a client says during the course of therapy

(E)focusing attention on clients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists

(C) influencing patients by controlling the consequences of their actions

Scott tried to unscramble the letters NEBOTYA for 20 minutes to spell a word, but was not successful. While walking to class, the answer suddenly came to him that the word was BAYONET. This exemplifies

(A) classical conditioning

(B) operant conditioning

(C) the law of effect

(D) insight

(E)observational learning

(D) insight

A disorder characterized by delusions of persecution, hallucinations, and disordered thinking is

(A) paranoid schizophrenia

(B) anorexia nervosa

(C) conversion disorder

(D) hypochondriasis

(E)organic mental disorder

(A) paranoid schizophrenia

Jyoti notes the behavior of people as they wait in line for tickets to rock concerts. Which of the following research is she using?

(A) naturalistic observation

(B) survey

(C) controlled experiment

(D) quasi-experiment

(E)case study

(A) naturalistic observation

In daylight, objects that reflect all wavelengths of light appear

(A) black

(B) white

(C) dull

(D) ultraviolet

(E) infrared

(B) white

The Intelligence Quotient is defined as the

(A) chronological age/mental age x 100

(B) performance store/verbal store x 100

(C) mental age/chronological age x 100

(D) verbal score/performance store x 100

(E)range/Standard deviation x 100

(C) mental age/chronological age x 100

Collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation are personality concepts most closely associated with

(A) Sigmund Freud

(B) Carl Jung

(C) B.F. Skinner

(D) Karen Horney

(E) Albert Bandura

(B) Carl Jung

Which of the following is a hallucination?

(A) thinking you are President of the United States

(B) being sure that your boss is out to get you

(C) thinking this is 2010

(D) feeling extraordinarily happy and agitated one moment, then extraordinarily depressed the next

(E)hearing voices that are not actually there

(E)hearing voices that are not actually there

Stella remembered the order of the planets from the Sun by recalling the sentence, "My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas." For Stella this sentence is a

(A) chunking strategy

(B) mnemonic device

(C) peg system

(D) acoustic encoding sequence

(E) proactive interference inhibitor

(B) mnemonic device

In classical conditioning the learner learns to associate the unconditioned stimulus with

(A) an unconditioned response

(B) a conditioned stimulus

(C) a conditioned response

(D) a negative reinforcer

(E) a punishment

(B) a conditioned stimulus

According to Selye's GAS theory, of the following stages, we are most susceptible to disease during

(A) resolution

(B) resistance

(C) alarm

(D) exhaustion

(E) extinction

(D) exhaustion

Jeanette locked the front door, then checked it by turning the knob. She checked it a second time. After walking halfway down the path to the street, Jeanette went back to the door and checked to make sure that it was locked. Her behavior appears to be

(A) psychotic

(B) schizophrenic

(C) obsessive

(D) compulsive

(E) manic

(D) compulsive

Hunger, thirst, and sex are most closely associated with stimulation of the

(A) pons

(B) cerebellum

(C) hypothalamus

(D) temporal lobes

(E) basal ganglia

(C) hypothalamus

For which of the following disorders might a psychiatrist prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as Prozac or Paxil?

(A) manic

(B) depressive

(C) dissociative identity

(D) conversion

(E) disorganized schizophrenia

(B) depressive

Jared thinks that going to psychology lecture classes is a waste of time, and that you can do just as well in the course if you just read the review book, watch "Discovering Psychology," and take the tests. He decides to test his hypothesis with an experiment. The independent variable in his experiment is

(A) going to lecture classes

(B) going to lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching "Discovering Psychology"

(C) not going to the lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching "Discovering Psychology"

(D) just taking the tests

(E)doing as well on tests without going to class as with going to class

(C) not going to the lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching "Discovering Psychology"

Stranded in a deserted area after a boating accident, Harry was able to survive by eating leaves and insects, and drinking water he boiled in a fire he made. According to Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Harry displayed a high level of which of the following types of intelligences?

(A) naturalistic

(B) interpersonal

(C) verbal-linguistic

(D) mathematical

(E) g

(A) naturalistic

The triarchic theory of intelligence maintains that:

(A) three distinct primary mental abilities exist.

(B) emotional intelligence is composed of expression, empathy and regulation.

(C) logical, linguistic and interpersonal intelligences exist.

(D) the Wechsler intelligence tests have three age-specific IQ tests.

(E) analytical, practical and creative intelligences exist.

(E) analytical, practical and creative intelligences exist.

The concepts of the ideal self, the real self, active listening and unconditional positive regard can be attributed to:

(A) Carl Rogers

(B) Karen Horney

(C) Sigmund Freud

(D) B.F. Skinner

(E)Albert Ellis

(A) Carl Rogers

Community psychologists are not likely to see __________ as a primary concern.

(A) deinstitutionalization

(B) teenage suicide

(C) housing reform

(D) psychotropic medication

(E) HIV/AIDS prevention

(D) psychotropic medication

At Thanksgiving dinner, the Smith children know that from past years that they cannot eat their food before everyone has been served. This is an example of:

(A) roles

(B) social facilitation

(C) norms

(D) groupthink

(E) group polarization

(C) norms

Dan is a graduate student in psychology who has a sociocultural approach to the patients that he treats. When a new patient tells him that he finds the university art department too modern compared to his school in India, Dan might conclude that the patient has:

(A) an unconscious desire to return home

(B) a rigid personality structure

(C) indicated an investment in personal growth

(D) difficulty integrating the differences between American and Indian artistic values

(E) not yet attained the strengths needed to survive in a new environment

(D) difficulty integrating the differences between American and Indian artistic values

An empowering perspective of people's ability to solve their own problems and achieve their potential is:

(A) behavioral

(B) eclectic

(C) humanistic

(D) clinical

(E) family systems oriented

(C) humanistic

Latent learning can be described as learning that:

(A) is quickly forgotten

(B) causes no observable change in behavior

(C) occurs during adolescence

(D) depends on the presentation of rewards

(E) develops through watching others

(B) causes no observable change in behavior

Kathy discovered that she gravitated toward certain types of individuals in her freshman college class. She might have concluded that she was least comfortable with friends who:

(A) were popular and attractive

(B) held opposite political views

(C) belonged to her religious group

(D) lived in the same dorm

(E) could help her with exams

(B) held opposite political views

Validity in research is:

(A) how well an instrument measures or predicts what it is meant to

(B) how well results can be repeated

(C) specifically necessary when using the survey method

(D) an average of several scores in research data

(E) the most frequent score in research data

(A) how well an instrument measures or predicts what it is meant to

Andy saw his colleague, Carrie, yell at a student after class. He concluded that she has an impulsive personality. He found out later that the student had physically attacked another student during class. Andy might have exhibited:

(A) a self-fulfilling prophecy

(B) stereotyping

(C) self-serving bias

(D) an inclination toward situational factors

(E) fundamental attribution error

(E) fundamental attribution error

Hunter, a high school senior, excels at music, art, reading, problem solving, and soccer. Which of these strengths most clearly demonstrates his fluid intelligence?

(A) music

(B) art

(C) reading

(D) problem solving

(E) soccer

(D) problem solving

Which of the following statements most accurately explains the purpose of repression?

(A) It allows individuals to indirectly express their anger toward others.

(B) It encourages clients to shift difficult feelings about loved ones onto their therapists.

(C) It is a means of unconsciously dealing with thoughts that are very anxiety provoking.

(D) It allows individuals to explain away acts to avoid uncomfortable feelings.

(E) It is an unconscious model that allows people to describe the way things work.

(C) It is a means of unconsciously dealing with thoughts that are very anxiety provoking.

If genetic factors play an important role in the development of intelligence as measured by an IQ test, then which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

(A) The IQ scores of parents and their offspring will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of fraternal twins.

(B) The IQ scores of siblings reared together will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of identical twins.

(C) The IQ scores of fraternal twins will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of identical twins reared apart.

(D) The IQ scores of fraternal twins will be equivalent in similarity to the IQ scores of identical twins.

(E)The IQ scores of identical twins reared apart will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of fraternal twins reared together.

(E)The IQ scores of identical twins reared apart will be more nearly alike than the IQ scores of fraternal twins reared together.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include which of the following?

(A) visual hallucinations

(B) auditory hallucinations

(C) blunted emotional responses

(D) delusions

(E)excessive motor activity

(C) blunted emotional responses

A major contribution of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence is that it

(A) broadens the definition of intelligence

(B) adds substantial support to the accuracy of the IQ test

(C) relates the Gf-Gc theory of intelligence with environmental factors

(D) simplifies the ways in which intelligence is measured

(E)substantiates works such as The Bell Curve

(A) broadens the definition of intelligence

Seamus and Liam are MZ twins that were reared apart. Jonah and Noam are DZ twins that were reared together. Given the results of habitability studies of intelligence, which of the following outcomes is most likely to emerge?

(A) Seamus and Liam will have very similar IQs.

(B) Jonah and Noam will have very similar IQs.

(C) Both pairs will have very similar IQs.

(D) Neither pair will have very similar IQs.

(E) Seamus and Jonah will have very similar IQs.

(A) Seamus and Liam will have very similar IQs.

Drive-reduction theories would provide a reasonable explanation for all of the following EXCEPT

(A) In the middle of his five-mile race, Jerome grabs water from the water-station to quench his thirst.

(B) Ernest gobbles a few cookies on his way to class because he did not have time for lunch.

(C) Tish decides to skip lunch because she is still full from eating a very large breakfast.

(D) Cameron drives ten minutes out of her way to a fast-food place because she is hungry and has only two dollars.

(E) Kezia is very full after eating dinner but decides to order the strawberry cheesecake anyway.

(E) Kezia is very full after eating dinner but decides to order the strawberry cheesecake anyway.

58. Abraham Maslow proposed which of the following approaches to understanding motivation?

(A) homeostatic regulation

(B) goal-setting

(C) expectancy-value

(D) cognitive dissonance

(E) hierarchy of needs

(E) hierarchy of needs

Which of the following constitutes prospective memory as opposed to retrospective memory?

(A) Jonathan remembers to stop at the video store on his way home from work.

(B) Trisha remembers most of the things she wrote down on her shopping list the night before.

(C) Connie recalls the first two words in a series of words presented to her in an experiment.

(D) Ruey recalls his tenth birthday party when he got to be the first child to ride the pony.

(E) Sandeep recites a phone number for the local dry cleaner as he walks to the phone.

(A) Jonathan remembers to stop at the video store on his way home from work.

Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?

(A) The anxiety reaction of a woman who is driving on the highway for the first time after being involved in a major accident on that highway.

(B) The frightened cry of a baby who is disoriented upon waking up from a nap.

(C) The uncontrollable blinking of a contact lens wearer who has just gotten something in his eye.

(D) The startled cry of a child who has just been awakened in the middle of the night by a loud clap of thunder.

(E) The salivation of a laboratory rat who has begun to eat the treat that awaited her at the end of a T-maze.

(A) The anxiety reaction of a woman who is driving on the highway for the first time after being involved in a major accident on that highway.

Sanja hears a sound that she recognizes as the front door being shut. In order for her to detect the sound and process it so that she knows what it is, Sanja's ear funnels the sound waves to the inner ear in order to stimulate the cilia of the inner ear. This is a critical step in the process of

(A) auditory transduction

(B) olfactory perception

(C) sound sensation

(D) decibel cognition

(E) kinesthetic transference

(A) auditory transduction

Which of the following most accurately explains why a pool with water temperature of 82 degrees may feel cool to a person who has been sunbathing yet warm to a person who has been inside in the air-conditioning?

(A) Water has a tendency toward temperature variance, a phenomenon that can be sensed by individuals when they stand at different locations in a pool.

(B) When people sense the temperature of an object, they are actually sensing the difference between the temperature of their skin and the temperature of the object.

(C) People who tend to have a body temperature of below 98.6 will often feel cooler than individuals who maintain a normal or slightly elevated body temperature.

(D) An individual who has been sunbathing outside is able to sense the true temperature of the water better than an individual who has been in an artificially-controlled environment.

(E) When individuals sense the temperature of water, they are actually sensing the amount of pressure exerted by the water on their skin.

(B) When people sense the temperature of an object, they are actually sensing the difference between the temperature of their skin and the temperature of the object.

Psychoactive substances are drugs that alter consciousness by

(A) inducing the secretion of excitatory hormones into the bloodstream

(B) imitating the behavior of various pheromones

(C) facilitating or inhibiting neural transmission at the synapse

(D) increasing an individual's hypnotic suggestibility

(E) flooding post-synaptic receptors with subliminal commands

(C) facilitating or inhibiting neural transmission at the synapse

A child is frightened by the sudden barking of a neighbor's dog. Once her mother picks her up, the child begins to calm down as which of the following biological processes occurs?

(A) The parasympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the sympathetic responses.

(B) The sympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the parasympathetic responses.

(C) The autonomic nervous system resumes control and reverses the peripheral responses.

(D) The peripheral nervous system resumes control and reverses the autonomic responses.

(E) The endocrine system resumes control and reverses the responses brought on by neurotransmitters.

(A) The parasympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the sympathetic responses.

Which of the following best states why the study of twins is significant to the field of behavioral genetics.

(A) If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then fraternal twins are more likely to share this attribute than are identical twins or other siblings.

(B) If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then siblings reared together are more likely to share it than are identical or fraternal twins who are reared apart.

(C) The degree of relatedness in MZ twins can be determined through studying the behavioral genetics of related DZ twins.

(D) If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then identical twins are more likely to share this attribute than are fraternal twins and other siblings.

(E) Phenotypic variances in twins are more obvious than in other siblings because twins have a 1.0 degree of relatedness.

(D) If a psychological attribute is genetically influenced, then identical twins are more likely to share this attribute than are fraternal twins and other siblings.

Detection of a just noticeable difference (jnd) depends on the

(A) presence of a "no stimulus" control and the sensitivity of the signal detection equipment

(B) initial determination of the absolute threshold and the variation of the difference threshold

(C) frequency of the existing stimulus and the presence of one or more sensory modalities

(D) establishment of a 50 percent "hit" rate and a long enough series of trails

(E) intensity of the new stimulus and that of the stimulus already present

(E) intensity of the new stimulus and that of the stimulus already present

Lizette and her family watch the sunset over the ocean. While walking home in the increasing darkness, Lizette notices that she can no longer distinguish the colors of objects. Which of the following best explains why Lizette cannot see color in dim light?

(A) Rods, which are specialized for color vision, require more light to be activated whereas cones, which produce images in black, white, and gray, allow for vision in dim light.

(B) Cones, which are specialized for color vision, require more light to be activated whereas rods, which produce images in black, white, and gray, allow for vision in dim light.

(C) Cones, which are specialized for black and white vision, require a small amount of light to be activated whereas rods, which produce images in color, require greater amounts of light for vision.

(D) The receptive fields in the retina respond to the loss of light through light adaptation, the process of rapidly adjusting to a diminution of light.

(E) In order to perceive aspects of color such as hue, brightness, saturation, rods require a great deal of light, while cones can perceive images in black, white, and gray with little light.

(B) Cones, which are specialized for color vision, require more light to be activated whereas rods, which produce images in black, white, and gray, allow for vision in dim light.

In a phenomenon known as the "cocktail party phenomenon," an individual who is engrossed in an activity and has blocked out all surrounding stimuli will nonetheless respond quickly to the call of her name. Which of the following is a possible explanation of this phenomenon?

(A) While the brain filters out external stimuli, it also constantly evaluates them to see if a response is required.

(B) The brain is able block out all external stimuli until an individual decides it is time to move on to a new task.

(C) Individuals are able to focus simultaneously on two complex tasks through the process known as divided attention.

(D) Interpretation of sensory stimuli overrides focused attention on a complex task whenever the stimuli are perceived.

(E) Suppressing peripheral sensations is an adaptive trait that has allowed individuals to focus completely on essential situations.

(E) Suppressing peripheral sensations is an adaptive trait that has allowed individuals to focus completely on essential situations.

Jay suffers from periods of amnesia and frequent loss of a sense of personal identity. It is likely Jay has a(n)

(A) schizophrenic disorder

(B) associative disorder

(C) antisocial personality disorder

(D) manic-depressive disorder

(E) dissociative disorder

(A) schizophrenic disorder

Which of the following correctly categorizes the components of Ivan Pavlov's research on conditioning?

(A) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (CS) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (UCS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (UCR).

(B) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (UCR) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (CR). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (CS).

(C) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (UCS) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (CS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (CR).

(D) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (CR) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (UCR). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (UCS).

(E) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (neutral stimulus) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (UCS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (CR).

(C) The dogs (subjects) were presented with food (UCS) while also being presented with the sights and sounds of the presenter (CS). After a time, the dogs salivated in response to the presenters (CR).

According to Richard Lazarus' transactional model of stress, whether or not an individual experiences stress and how much an individual experiences in any given situation depends primarily on

(A) whether the stress is one of harm or loss

(B) whether the stress is physiologically taxing

(C) the timing of the event in relation to other events

(D) the frequency of the presence of the stressor

(E) the meaning of the event to the individual

(E) the meaning of the event to the individual

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

(A) A mother eagle will fly under her young while they are learning to fly in case they begin to fall.

(B) A newborn gosling will "attach" to the first moving object it sees, usually its mother.

(C) An infant who is left by its primary caregivers for significant periods of time develops an indifference to their presence.

(D) A mother cat teaches her kittens how to clean themselves.

(E) A premature infant grows rapidly in part as a result of constantly being held by primary care givers.

(B) A newborn gosling will "attach" to the first moving object it sees, usually its mother.

Each of the following is a step taken by a therapist who is employing systematic desensitization EXCEPT

(A) helping the client experience the desired state of relaxation through hypnosis

(B) teaching the client to relax through techniques such as deep breathing

(C) constructing a hierarchy of feared images

(D) instructing the client to picture each fearful image while maintaining a relaxed state

(E) encouraging the client to confront her fears in real life

(A) helping the client experience the desired state of relaxation through hypnosis

Max is typically out of control whenever attending preschool. Teachers tried time-outs and other punishments to no avail. His parents and the school decided to work with Max by giving him a sticker each time he behaved for a full hour. Once he accumulated ten stickers, he could present them to his parents who would give him a reward. The method the school and parents chose to employ is referred to as

(A) positive reinforcement

(B) a token economy

(C) a point value system

(D) negative punishment

(E) classical conditioning

(B) a token economy

Which of the following best states a conclusion of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?

(A) When faced with a difficult decision, people are more likely to follow the opinions of the crowd than diverge from those opinions.

(B) When challenged to commit a crime, people will most often refuse if they are not coerced, but will agree if an authority figure coerces them.

(C) When asked to inflict pain on others, people are likely to inflict mild amounts of pain without remorse.

(D) When asked to participate in a study, people are more likely to agree if they are offered some sort of compensation.

(E) When an authority figure is present, people are more likely to obey orders than to question the wisdom of the orders.

(E) When an authority figure is present, people are more likely to obey orders than to question the wisdom of the orders.