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Global warming has increased by x% in the last 200 years
35%
The more CO2 is released causes the Earth to
heat up
Nature preserves increased by x% including marine area’s
12%
How many people lack access to clean water?
9% or 600 million people
How many lack safe sanitation
32% or 2.4 billion people
How many children die to water related problems
5 million
¾ of people will struggle for
sustainable water supply
how many primates have we lost
half
define what a sustainable development is
Improvement of life, without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their needs
What was the purpose of 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro?
They were trying to start a sustainable development because they had nearly 700 million people below the poverty line
In 2015 The United Nations identified 17 goals. What was the purpose of those goals?
End poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all
what would consider to be “extreme poverty”?
41,000$ per year
What ratio or percent of the world population do live in middle- or low income countries?
5/6
define total fertility
Average number of children born alive during a women's life time
What is the replacement rate? What is the significance of the fraction 0.1 per the replacement rate?
2.1, 0.1 accounting for a child dying before reaching the age of reproduction. 1.78 for replacement.
What is GDP/person?
General gross production
What is the replacement rate for U.S.?
1.78, 4% less born in the US compared to 2020
what was the view of John Muir
Muir had the opinion nature deserve to exist for its own sake (biocentric view)
what was the view of Aldo Leopold?
Leopold believed we should care for the land and love it since it belongs to someone and it shouldn't be abused.
What was the purpose of Green Belt Movement?
Restore the environment that planted 30 million tree's.
What was “Silence Spring” concerned with?
Led by Rachel Carlson focused on the pollution caused by pesticides.
What is Keystone XL Pipeline Project? Is it good for the environment?
Transporting oil from Canada to Texas, no it was not good for the environment.
Who led the greenbelt movement
Wangari maathai
Who led the green economy for everyone movement
anthony kapel van jones
Who led the silence spring movement
rachel carlson
Who led the biocentric view movement
john muir
Who led the action group 350.org movement
bill mckibben
Who led the utilitarian conservation movement
gifford pichot
Who led the published man and nature movement
george perkin marsh
What is Biocapacity/ How much is it per capita?
Biocapacity is the max of each footprint, and per capita it's 2.7
What is ecological footprint?
Ecological footprint is resource consumption compared to nations and their citizens
what is the ecological footprint unit
GHA
What is the ecological footprint per capita in U.S.?
the ecological footprint per capita is 2.47
How would you define Moral extensionist
to extend consideration past humans
How would you define Toxic Colonialism?
refers to the practice of exporting hazardous waste from developed countries to underdeveloped ones for disposal
What is a hypothesis
Hypothesis is an educated guess
What is a theory
theory is a stronger statement than hypothesis and is supported by tests
what is the independent variable
the factor manipulated to observe its effect
what is the dependent variable
the measured / observed
Accuracy is
how close a measurement is to the correct value
Precision is
being exact in how close two measurements are to each other.
What is raw data
data that hasnt been processed for us to read properly
Photosynthesis equation
6O2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Protons are
positive weighing 1 AMU
Electrons are
Negative, without mass
Neutrons are
Neutral weighing 1 AMU
Atomic Number is
e number of protons.
Atomic Mass is
The sum of number of protons and number of neutrons for a given atom.
isotopes are
atoms with the same amount of protons but different neutrons
Compound is
a substance composed of different kinds of atoms.
Molecule is
Two or more atoms joined together such as oxygen gas molecule
Chemical Bonds
Store energy and are holding atoms together in molecules and compounds
Hydron bonds
are weak such as bonds in water molecule
Ionic bonds
chemical connection that a atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another
Covalent bonds
toms share electrons (but not always equally).
Reduction Reaction
when the atom(s) of a substance gains electron(s)
Oxidized reaction
When an atom of a substance loses electron(s), it becomes positive
Activation Energy
a minimum energy input is necessary to start the reaction
Ions
an atom is neutral( Its number of protons and electrons are equal)
cation
a positive ion
Anion
a negative ion
What is the neutral acidity
7.0
what is acidic range?
0 to 7
what is alkali range?
7 to 14
Organic Compounds
Material making up biomolecules
Four major categories of organic compounds
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Cells
are the smallest unit of life classified as prokaryotes
Eukaryotes are
plants, animals, fungi, etc (contains chloroplast)
Function of a chloroplast
photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates and to release oxygen
Function of a mitochondrion
breakdown carbohydrate via cellular respiration to release energy and CO2
Enzymes
usually proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.
Metabolism
ultitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism
Thermodynamics
Energy must be supplied (from the sun) to keep biological processes running,
First Law of Thermodynamics -
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
archaea are
a organism that can get energy through inorganic compounds like sulfur
chemosynthesis
sulfur that bubble up from vents in the sea floor or from hot springs
About what percent of solar radiation is visible Light?
45%
About what percent of sunlight reaching the surface Is used for photosynthesis by plants?
1-2%
What is the range of wavelength for visible light?
0.1-1
Cellular Respiration equation
6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy
Cellular respiration happens by
splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from sugar and recombines them with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Breaking down of carbohydrate(glucose) to release energy
Tertiary consumers
Usually top carnivores
Secondary consumers
Carnivores
Primary consumers
Herbivores
Producers
Plants, algae, bacteria, etc.
Consumers that feed all levels
parasites, scavengers, decomposers
trophic level
Plants that are at the producer level while animals are consumers
Hydrologic Cycle
Path of water through the environment.
What drives the hydrologic cycle
Solar energy
most of the precipitation occurs over
the ocean
What are the 3 most important functions in hydrologic cycle
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation
Carbon source is
The parts of the cycle that release carbon dioxide
Carbon sink is
The parts of the cycle that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Nitrogen Cycle is
processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
changes nitrogen to a more useful form, combining it with hydrogen to make ammonia (used for plants to make proteins)
denitrifying bacteria
breaks down nitrates into nitrogen gas (released back out)
nitrification
converts ammonia to nitrate
Evolution
A slow, sustained heritable change in individuals of a population from one generation to the next
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