Environmental science exam 1

Global warming has increased by x% in the last 200 years

35%

The more CO2 is released causes the Earth to

heat up

Nature preserves increased by x% including marine area’s

12%

How many people lack access to clean water?

9% or 600 million people

How many lack safe sanitation

32% or 2.4 billion people

How many children die to water related problems

5 million

¾ of people will struggle for

sustainable water supply

how many primates have we lost

half

define what a sustainable development is

Improvement of life, without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their needs

What was the purpose of 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro?

They were trying to start a sustainable development because they had nearly 700 million people below the poverty line

In 2015 The United Nations identified 17 goals. What was the purpose of those goals?

End poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all

what would consider to be “extreme poverty”?

41,000$ per year

What ratio or percent of the world population do live in middle- or low income countries?

5/6

define total fertility

Average number of children born alive during a women's life time

What is the replacement rate? What is the significance of the fraction 0.1 per the replacement rate?

2.1, 0.1 accounting for a child dying before reaching the age of reproduction. 1.78 for replacement.

What is GDP/person?

General gross production

What is the replacement rate for U.S.?

1.78, 4% less born in the US compared to 2020

what was the view of John Muir

Muir had the opinion nature deserve to exist for its own sake (biocentric view)

what was the view of Aldo Leopold?

Leopold believed we should care for the land and love it since it belongs to someone and it shouldn't be abused.

What was the purpose of Green Belt Movement?

Restore the environment that planted 30 million tree's.

What was “Silence Spring” concerned with?

Led by Rachel Carlson focused on the pollution caused by pesticides.

What is Keystone XL Pipeline Project? Is it good for the environment?

Transporting oil from Canada to Texas, no it was not good for the environment.

Who led the greenbelt movement

Wangari maathai

Who led the green economy for everyone movement

anthony kapel van jones

Who led the silence spring movement

rachel carlson

Who led the biocentric view movement

john muir

Who led the action group 350.org movement

bill mckibben

Who led the utilitarian conservation movement

gifford pichot

Who led the published man and nature movement

george perkin marsh

What is Biocapacity/ How much is it per capita?

Biocapacity is the max of each footprint, and per capita it's 2.7

What is ecological footprint?

Ecological footprint is resource consumption compared to nations and their citizens

what is the ecological footprint unit

GHA

What is the ecological footprint per capita in U.S.?

the ecological footprint per capita is 2.47

How would you define Moral extensionist

to extend consideration past humans

How would you define Toxic Colonialism?

refers to the practice of exporting hazardous waste from developed countries to underdeveloped ones for disposal

What is a hypothesis

Hypothesis is an educated guess

What is a theory

theory is a stronger statement than hypothesis and is supported by tests

what is the independent variable

the factor manipulated to observe its effect

what is the dependent variable

the measured / observed

Accuracy is

how close a measurement is to the correct value

Precision is

being exact in how close two measurements are to each other.

What is raw data

data that hasnt been processed for us to read properly

Photosynthesis equation

6O2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Protons are

positive weighing 1 AMU

Electrons are

Negative, without mass

Neutrons are

Neutral weighing 1 AMU

Atomic Number is

e number of protons.

Atomic Mass is

The sum of number of protons and number of neutrons for a given atom.

isotopes are

atoms with the same amount of protons but different neutrons

Compound is

a substance composed of different kinds of atoms.

Molecule is

Two or more atoms joined together such as oxygen gas molecule

Chemical Bonds

Store energy and are holding atoms together in molecules and compounds

Hydron bonds

are weak such as bonds in water molecule

Ionic bonds

chemical connection that a atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another

Covalent bonds

toms share electrons (but not always equally).

Reduction Reaction

when the atom(s) of a substance gains electron(s)

Oxidized reaction

When an atom of a substance loses electron(s), it becomes positive

Activation Energy

a minimum energy input is necessary to start the reaction

Ions

an atom is neutral( Its number of protons and electrons are equal)

cation

a positive ion

Anion

a negative ion

What is the neutral acidity

7.0

what is acidic range?

0 to 7

what is alkali range?

7 to 14

Organic Compounds

Material making up biomolecules

Four major categories of organic compounds

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Cells

are the smallest unit of life classified as prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are

plants, animals, fungi, etc (contains chloroplast)

Function of a chloroplast

photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates and to release oxygen

Function of a mitochondrion

breakdown carbohydrate via cellular respiration to release energy and CO2

Enzymes

usually proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.

Metabolism

ultitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism

Thermodynamics

Energy must be supplied (from the sun) to keep biological processes running,

First Law of Thermodynamics -

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

archaea are

a organism that can get energy through inorganic compounds like sulfur

chemosynthesis

sulfur that bubble up from vents in the sea floor or from hot springs

About what percent of solar radiation is visible Light?

45%

About what percent of sunlight reaching the surface Is used for photosynthesis by plants?

1-2%

What is the range of wavelength for visible light?

0.1-1

Cellular Respiration equation

6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy

Cellular respiration happens by

splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from sugar and recombines them with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Breaking down of carbohydrate(glucose) to release energy

Tertiary consumers

Usually top carnivores

Secondary consumers

Carnivores

Primary consumers

Herbivores

Producers

Plants, algae, bacteria, etc.

Consumers that feed all levels

parasites, scavengers, decomposers

trophic level

Plants that are at the producer level while animals are consumers

Hydrologic Cycle

Path of water through the environment.

What drives the hydrologic cycle

Solar energy

most of the precipitation occurs over

the ocean

What are the 3 most important functions in hydrologic cycle

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation

Carbon source is

The parts of the cycle that release carbon dioxide

Carbon sink is

The parts of the cycle that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Nitrogen Cycle is

processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

changes nitrogen to a more useful form, combining it with hydrogen to make ammonia (used for plants to make proteins)

denitrifying bacteria

breaks down nitrates into nitrogen gas (released back out)

nitrification

converts ammonia to nitrate

Evolution

A slow, sustained heritable change in individuals of a population from one generation to the next