Handmade review for review chapter 1,2, and 3

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Anatomy

The study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts; derived from Greek for "a cutting up"

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body and its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to nature”

What determines the function

the structure of organs and the parts of the human body

What structures cause individual variations

blood vessels, bones and reproductive organs

Subatomic Particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells

Atom

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

Molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

Macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

Organelle

functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

Cell

basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cells)

Tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose or epithelial tissue)

Organ

group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)

Organ system

group of organs with common function ( digestive system)

Organism

composed of interacting organ systems (human)

Growth

Increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

Reproduction

Production of new cells and organisms

Responsiveness

Reaction to a change inside or outside of the body

Movement

change in body position or location; motion of internal organs

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling

Respiration

Making energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Digestion

Breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

Circulation

Moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

Excretion

Removing waste products

What environmental factors do humans require

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

Water

What does food provide

necessary nutrients to supply energy

What releases energy from food?

oxygen

Why is heat a requirement for organisms

heat is a form of energy, helps maintain body temperature, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Why is pressure a requirement for organisms

application of force on an object

Atmospheric pressure

important for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure

keeps blood flowing

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal environment

Homeostatic mechanisms

Self- regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism

Receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

detects and provides information about the stimuli

Control Center

decision - maker that maintains the set point

Effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

Negative Feedback

called negative because the response to the change moves the variable in the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point, prevents sudden changes

What do the effectors do doing negative feedback

Effectors return conditions toward normal range, and the deviation from set point lessens

Examples of negative feedback

controls body temperature, blood pressure, and glucose level in the blood

Positive feedback

The change is intensified, instead of reversed. activity of effect is increased initially instead of decreasing. short lived, produce temporarily, unstable conditions, that seem like they will not lead to homeostasis, but they will. uncommon feedback

Examples of positive feedback

blood clotting and the uterine contractions of childbirth

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is composed of elements. Solids, liquids, and gases are matter.

Mass

Amount of matter present

Weight

Heaviness due to gravitational pull on mass

Chemistry

Studies composition, properties, interaction of matter

Biochemistry

Biological chemistry, which studies physiological process and disease

Neutron

Relatively large particle, unchanged and electrically neutral; found within an atomic nucleus

Ion

Particle, formed from an atom, electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

Atomic Number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element

Mass Number

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom (electrons don’t count)

Chemical Bonds

form when atoms combine with other atoms. They result from interactions between the electrons of the atoms

Electron Shells

encircle the nucleus

For atoms with atomic number of 18 or less these apply

the first shell holds up to 2 electrons

the second shell holds up to 8 electrons

the third shell holds up to 8 electrons

what do the electrons in the outermost shells determine

whether atoms will react with other atoms to form chemical bonds

Ion

An electrically charged atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

Cation

A positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons

Anion

A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons

Ionic Bonds

strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite charge attract

Synthesis Reaction

more complex chemical structure is formed

A + B = AB

Decomposition Reaction

chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

AB → A + B

Exchange Reaction

chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

AB + CD → AD + CB

Reversible Reaction

the products can change back to the reactants

A + B ←> AB

Electrolytes

substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current

Acids

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

Bases

substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions

Salts

electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

pH scale

indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Neutral

a pH of 7 indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-. This is the pH of water

Acidic

a pH of less than 7 indicates a greater concentration of H+ than OH-

Basic (alkaline)

a pH greater than 7 indicates a higher concentration of OH- than H+

what do organic molecules contain

contain C and H (carbon and hydrogen)

Organic molecules do not release what

do not release ions and are not electrolytes

organic molecules soluble in water?

yes

What are some organic molecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

What do inorganic molecules not contain

generally do not contain carbon or hydrogen

Inorganic molecules roles

dissolve in water and dissociate, form ions, and are electrolytes

Some inorganic molecules are

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

single singers: glucose, fructose

monosaccharides

double sugars: surose, lactose

disaccharides

complex carbohydrates: starch, glycogen, cellulose

polysaccharides

Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

lipids

include triglycerdies (fats), phospholipids, steroids and are important component of cell membranes and have serveral functions in cells

lipids

triglycerdies (fats) are used for

cellular energy

Consist of 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

triglycerdies

consist of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

phospholipids

saturated fatty acids

have only single carbon - carbon bonds

solid at room temperature

animal orgin

unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more carbon - carbon double bond

liquid at room temperature plant origin

Steroids

4 connected rings of carbon

used to synthesize adrenal and sexual hormones

Main steroid in the body

cholesterol

protein

used as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies

What are the building blocks of proteins

amino acids

what bounds amino acids to each other

peptide bonds

peptide bonds

form between the amino group of one amino acid, and the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid

What are the 4 protein structures

Primary structure (amino acid sequence), secondary structure (pleated and twisted structure), Tertiary structure (unique 3 dimensional folded shape), Quaternary (polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein)

Denaturation

a change in the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein due to heat, radiation, pH changes, chemicals. In the case of enzymes irreversible denaturation stops it from working.

Nucleic Acids

carry genetic code (DNA) or aid in protein synthesis (RNA)

Nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids, consist of a sugar (s), a phosphate group (P), and organic base (B)

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)

a double chain of nucleotides

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

a single chain of nucleotides