Bio unit one

What kind of sugar is Glucose?

Aldose

What kind of sugar is Mannose?

Aldose

What kind of sugar is Galactose?

Aldose

What kind of sugar is Fructose?

Ketose

What kind of sugar is Ribose?

Aldose

How many carbons does Ribose have?

5

Monosaccharide

One sugar molecule that cannot be broken up.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharide linked by a glycosidic bond.

Maltose composition

Glucose+Glucose

Sucrose

Glucose+Fructose

Lactose

Glucose+Galactose

Polysaccharide

Long chains of monosaccharides

Starch composition

Amylose (linear) Amylopectin (branches very 24-30 units)

Glycogen Composition

branches very 8-12 units

Cellulose composition

Linear with alternating direction (beta bonds)

Chitin

Linear with alternating direction but has an acetylamino group.

Saturated (cis) fat

Saturated with H+, makes the lipid solid

Unsaturated (trans) fat

Fewer H+ ions, makes the lipid liquid

Isomer

Molecules with same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms

Enantiomers

Isomers that are non-superimposable, mirror images

Diastereomer

Isomers that are not superimposable and not mirror images

Aldose sugar

Carbonyl is located between carbon and hydrogen

Ketose sugar

Carbonyl is located between two carbons

Elements of Carbs

CHO

Elements of lipids

CHO(P)

Fatty acid

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

Triglyceride

Lipid made of Glycerol+3 fatty acids

Phospholipids

Lipid made of Glycerol+2 fatty acids+ phosphate head

Amphipathic

Having hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

Steroids

Lipid composed of 4 rings

Amino Acid

Protein monomer

Polypeptide

protein polymer

Peptide bond

protein bond

Protein Elements

CHON(S)

Amino acid structure

Carboxyl+Amino group = peptide bond

Variable R-group determines the type of amino acid

Cysteine

Amino with sulfhydryl group. Can form covalent disulfide bonds with other cysteines.

Primary structure

Chain of amino acids; N-terminal (amino acid) and C-terminal (carboxyl)

Secondary structure

Hydrogen bonding in the peptide chain creates folding

Tertiary structure

3D shape created by many folded peptide chains bonded together

Quaternary structure

Many polypeptide chains

Nucleic acid monomer

Neucleotide

Nucleic acid polymer

DNA/ RNA

Nucleic acid bond

Phosphodiester bond

Nucleic acid elements

CHONP

Nucleotide structure

Nitrogen base (CUT;AG), Ribose/deoxyribose, Phosphate group

Pyrimidine

Single ring, CT (DNA) U (RNA)

Purine

Double ring (AG)

Nucleoside

Nitrogen base + 5-carbon sugar