World History Q2

509-27

The Roman Republic lasted from _________-_______ BC

Consuls

Governance in the Republic was a representative democracy led by the Senate and two elected (__________)

Twelve Tables

Rome's first written legal code, codified by the Decemviri between 451–449 BC, is called the (__________)

death

Under Table IX of Roman civic law, the crime of treason—taking up arms against the state—was strictly punishable by (__________)

presumption

Core Roman legal protections for the accused included the requirement that guilt be established clearly through objective evidence and the (__________) of innocence

Gaius Marius

Commander (__________) (157–86 BC) saved Rome from Germanic invasions and revolutionized the military by creating a professional standing army that recruited landless citizens

generals

Due to military reforms, Roman soldiers shifted their fierce personal loyalty from the state to their individual (__________)

Lucius Sulla

(__________) (138–78 BC) was the first Roman general to march his private forces directly on Rome to seize political control by force

202

In (__________) BC, Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC) decisively defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama, successfully ending the Second Punic War

wealth

The Republic collapsed due to a widening (__________) gap that concentrated vast wealth among the senatorial elite, leading to open street violence and civil conflict

Gaul

Between the years 58–50 BC, Julius Caesar led the Romans to victory by completely conquering (__________), which constitutes modern-day France

49

Defying the Senate in (__________) BC, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River and marched his army into Italy, igniting a devastating civil war

44

Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March in (__________) BC after being declared dictator perpetuo

Mark Antony

Julius Caesar's loyal lieutenant, (__________) (83–30 BC), took control of the eastern provinces but was decisively defeated in a major naval battle

Actium

Octavian completed the definitive transition from Republic to Empire by defeating his rival at the Naval Battle of (__________) on September 2, 31 BC

27

In (__________) BC, the Senate granted Octavian the supreme title of "Augustus," marking the official start of the Roman Empire

Princeps

To maintain the illusion of a Republic, Augustus claimed the modest constitutional title of (__________), meaning "First Citizen"

476

The Roman Empire lasted from 27 BC until (__________) AD

Imperium

Under the actual Empire, the Emperor held absolute military power called (__________), directly commanding the vast legions

Fiscus

Unlike the Senate's traditional treasury (Aerarium), the Emperor controlled a far wealthier imperial treasury known as the (__________)

Pax Romana

Absolute imperial power brought two centuries of relative peace, stability, and unprecedented economic growth known as the (__________)

Nero

The Emperor (__________) (54–68 CE) is remembered for his extreme lavish spending and the historical myth of fiddling while Rome burned

Trajan

Under Emperor (__________) (98–117 AD), the Roman military reached its absolute peak expansion, stretching all the way from Britain to the Persian Gulf

212

In (__________) CE, the Edict of Caracalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) granted full Roman citizenship to nearly all free inhabitants

Justinian

Ruling the Eastern Roman Empire from 527 to 565 CE, Emperor (__________) the Great ordered a massive codification process of ancient Roman law

Corpus

The entire unified legal framework compiled and codified during this Eastern reign is called the (__________) Juris Civilis

Theodosius

The final administrative borders dividing the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western halves were set in 395 CE under Emperor (__________)

476

Central political authority in Western Europe officially ended in (__________) CE when the last western emperor was deposed

Romulus Augustulus

The final emperor of the Western Roman Empire to be deposed from power was (__________)

Catholic

Following the collapse of central Roman authority, the (__________) Church emerged as the primary institution providing cultural and social continuity

Germanic

Into the post-Roman power vacuum, the two primary rival claimants to authority were the surviving bishops of Rome and the strong warrior kings of the (__________) tribes

Carolingian

Charlemagne belonged to the (__________) Dynasty, which inherited its name from his grandfather, Charles Martel

768

Charlemagne came to power in the year (__________) AD following the death of his father, Pippin III

Saxons

During his military expansion, Charlemagne waged a brutal 32-year war (772–804 AD) against the pagan (__________), forcing their conversion to Christianity

Minuscule

As part of the Carolingian Renaissance script reform, a clear and legible handwriting style called the Carolingian (__________) was created, forming the foundation of modern lowercase letters

Capitularies

Written royal decrees used by Charlemagne to systematize Frankish law were known as (__________)

Missi dominici

To enforce laws directly throughout his massive realm, Charlemagne deployed royal envoys known as (__________)

Vikings

The development of feudalism was rapidly accelerated by external coastal and overland raids from three groups: the (__________), the Magyars, and the Saracens

Peter

The theoretical basis of papal authority argued that spiritual power derives from God through St. (__________) and his successors

800

The historical precedent establishing the Pope's right to crown secular emperors occurred at Charlemagne's coronation in the year (__________) AD

anointed

Royal authority defended itself by claiming kings are divinely (__________) rulers who answer directly to God

9th and 15th

Feudalism organically evolved between the (__________) and (__________) centuries AD out of overlapping political and military crises

fief

In the feudal system, a (__________) refers explicitly to the land granted to someone in exchange for absolute loyalty and military service

lord

In the feudal exchange, the individual or entity who grants a piece of land and guarantees physical protection is called the (__________)

serfs

At the absolute bottom of the strict feudal social hierarchy pyramid were the (__________), who were legally bound to the land

manor

The basic, self-sufficient economic and social unit of decentralized feudal society was the (__________)

1215

Armed English barons forced King John to sign the landmark Magna Carta in June (__________)

Lackland

King John was mockingly nicknamed (__________) due to losing vast ancestral territories in France

Runnymede

King John signed the historic document in a meadow located at (__________)

imprisoned

Clause 39 established that no free man could be (__________) without lawful judgment

kingdom

Clause 12 stated no scutage or aid could be levied in the (__________) without general consent

Rule of Law

The core legal concept that all laws apply to everyone, including the government, is the (__________)

Simon de Montfort

In 1265, (__________) called knights and townspeople to advise the king, creating the First Parliament

Evesham

This parliamentary creator was later killed and mutilated by royalist forces at the Battle of (__________)

Model Parliament

King Edward I created a regular parliament with much wider presentation in 1295 called the (__________)

Petition of Right

Restricting King Charles I, Parliament passed the landmark (__________) in 1628

Bill of Rights

Following the Glorious Revolution, Parliament permanently limited royal power via the (__________)

Constitutionalism

The concept that government power must be strictly limited by written laws is called (__________)

Mazarin

French King Louis XIV assumed absolute solo rule in 1661 after the death of Cardinal (__________)

0

Louis XIV ruled France completely alone, leaving exactly (__________) chief ministers under him

moi

Louis XIV famously summarized his absolute authority by stating, "L'État, c'est (__________)"

72

Ruling for (__________) years, Louis XIV became the longest-reigning monarch in major European history

Absolutism

A political framework where one single ruler holds complete, unlimited power over the state is (__________)

Divine Right

The belief that a monarch answers only to God and that questioning the king is a sin is (__________)

Bossuet

Prominent theorist Bishop (__________) wrote that the royal throne is the throne of God Himself

religious

Brutal (__________) wars during the 1500s–1600s made everyday citizens crave stability under tyrants

The Sun Ceremony

The daily ritual where selected nobles watched Louis XIV wake up and dress was called (__________)

Hall of Mirrors

Built to awe foreign dignitaries, the most technologically impressive room in Europe was the (__________)

Apollo

Louis XIV performed extensively in court ballets as the Greek Sun God (__________)

Versailles

Louis XIV trapped powerful elites by forcing them to live inside his massive palace at (__________)

1789

While England's constitutionalism led to modern democracy, France's absolute system led to revolution in (__________)

1650s

The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, spanned from the (__________) to the 1780s

Reason

Enlightenment thinkers advocated using (__________) and science instead of tradition to explain the law and the world

property

In 1689, John Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, stating that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and (__________)

Voltaire

The leading French philosopher who fought passionately for free speech and religious tolerance was (__________)

Montesquieu

Baron de (__________) (1689–1755) argued that political power should be separated into different branches to prevent tyranny

Rousseau

Jean-Jacques (__________) promoted the idea of a social contract, asserting that government power comes strictly from the agreement of the people

personal rule

King Charles I deeply alienated his subjects by ruling without Parliament for 11 years (1629–1640), a highly unpopular period known as the (__________)

1642-1651

The English Civil War was a violent conflict fought from (__________) - (__________) between the King and Parliament

Divine

King Charles I firmly believed in the (__________) Right of Kings, asserting that God alone gave him absolute power to rule

1649

Following his defeat by the Parliamentary army, King Charles I was publicly executed on the year (__________)

Commonwealth

After the execution of the king, England temporarily became a republic called the (__________)

Oliver Cromwell

(__________) led the Parliamentary army to victory and ruled England under the official title of "Lord Protector" from 1653 to 1658

Puritan

Because he was a strict (__________), the Lord Protector legally banned Christmas, theaters, and dancing

1660

Following the collapse of the Protectorate, the traditional monarchy was restored in the year (__________) when King Charles II returned from exile

James II

Parliament secretly invited the Dutch Protestant prince, William of Orange, to take the English throne and depose the Catholic King (__________)

1688

The political transition in (__________) (year) is known as the "Glorious Revolution" because it was almost completely bloodless

Bill of Rights

The English (__________) was signed in 1689, permanently turning England into a constitutional monarchy

taxes

Under this landmark 1689 document, the king cannot make laws or raise (__________) without the explicit permission of Parliament

Louis XIV

While England moved toward limited government, France remained an absolute monarchy under King (__________), who declared, "L'état c'est moi"

0

Under the French Old Regime, the First Estate (Clergy) and the Second Estate (Nobles) made up only 3% of the population but paid (__________)% of the taxes

3rd

Making up 97% of the population, the (__________) Estate paid 100% of the taxes while holding zero political power

1789

The French Revolution officially erupted on (__________) (year) when angry commoners stormed the Bastille prison

Fraternite

The official three-word motto of the French Revolution was "Liberté, Égalité, (__________)"

Declaration

In 1789, the National Assembly published the (__________) of the Rights of Man, a document stating that all people have equal natural rights

Louis XVI

King (__________) was convicted of treason and executed by the guillotine in January 1793

Robespierre

From 1793 to 1794, a radical leader named (__________) unleashed the Reign of Terror, executing roughly 17,000 alleged enemies of the state

Napoleon

The French Revolution officially drew to a close in 1799 when General (__________) Bonaparte seized absolute power

written

History shows that rights must be officially protected by being (__________) down in legal documents

gradual

Comparing paths, England's (__________) path to liberty over centuries proved more stable than France's sudden, violent eruption