College Entrance Exam - UPCAT BIOLOGY

diffusion

high concentration to low concentration

(remember perfume in a room)

osmosis

across semi-permeable membrane

movement of solvent (water)

low to high concentration

photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + O2

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O

metabolism

term for all chemical reactions

anabolism

building-up

catabolism

breaking down

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP.

glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through this process.

kreb's cycle

2nd stage of cellular respiration

makes FADH2 and NADH, which is essential to making ATP

-located in the mitochondria matrix

citric acid goes through cycle - removes and adds carbons to make more ATP, NADH, FADH2

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid

Uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors

fermentation

anaerobic respiration

replaced kreb's cycle and ETC if Oxygen is absent

carbohydrates

biomolecule

building blocks: monosaccharides

immediate/primary source of energy

proteins

biomolecule

building blocks: 21 amino acids

polypeptide chains

fats/lipids

biomolecule

building blocks: triglycerides

waxes, oils, cholesterol, phospholipids

triglycerides

fatty acids and glycerol backbone

nucleic acid

biomolecule

building block: nucleotide

DNA and RNA

nucleotides

sugar

nitrogenous bases (GATC / U)

purines

adenine and guanine

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA)

phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

make up cell membranes

cell

Basic unit of life

cell membrane

semi-permeable membrane

separares cell from its surroundings

controls flow of materials in and out of cell

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

nucleus

Control center of the cell

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

surrounded by nuclear membrane (thin membrane) and nuclear envelope (separates it from cytoplasm)

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

site of cellular respiration (kreb's cycle in matrix and ETC in cristae)

Makes energy for the cell

ribosomes

synthesis of proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

In BOTH types of cells. Carries substances, like proteins, to various parts of the cell.

membranes that modify and transport proteins

rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

transports proteins

smooth ER

Makes lipids

No attached ribosomes

vacuoles

STORAGE of food, water, wastes, and other materials

one large in plants

many small in animals

peroxisomes

oxidative enzymes that generate and destroy hydrogen peroxide

fight harmful things in the cell

neutralize potentially dangerous molecules within the cell

lysosomes

RECYCLING FACILITY (toxins and wastes)

digestion of food and worn-out cell parts

filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

animal cell

golgi bodies

Receives proteins and materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them

flattened system of tubules that modify, package and send off proteins

secretion and packaging

cytoskeleton

support and shape to cells

cell wall

plant cell only

protection

cilia

hair-like extension

short

flagella

hair-like extension

long and whip-like

centriole

animal cell

organization of mitotic spindle in the completion of cytokinesis

located in the centrosome

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

centrosome

regulates cell-cycle progression

microtubule-organizing center

chloroplast

An organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; plant cells

cell theory

1. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms

2. All organisms are composed of cells.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

prokaryotic

no nuclear membrane (no true nucleus)

most organelles absent

monera

Bacteria

no membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic

true nucleus

membrane-bound organelles

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

cellulose

in plant cell walls

Chief part of the plant cell wall

cell division

The reproduction of cells

mitosis

nuclear division

for somatic cells (all cells except sex cells)

equational division

growth and repair

produces diploid cells (complete set of chromosomes)

meiosis

one diploid cell divides and makes four haploid sex cells (gametes: sperm and eggs)

reductional division

reproduction

produces haploid cells (half of complete set of chromosomes)

interphase

DNA is replicated; cells grows and develops

prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the center

anaphase

Centromeres divide

Sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles

telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Nuclear membrane reforms

2 diploid cells are formed

alleles

gene forms for a certain trait

homozygous

two of the same alleles

purebred

(RR or rr)

heterozygous

two different alleles

halfbred

(Rr)

recessive

hidden or masked gene

dominant

expressed gene

phenotype

physical characteristics

genotype

actual genetic composition

nitrogen base pairings

C and G

A and T

DNA replication

DNA double chain "unzips" and a new complementary strand is formed for each "unzipped" strand

creating two complete double-chains

transcription

RNA for protein synthesis is created to form DNA

base pairing is now adenine-uracil

translation

mRNA to protein

monera

prokaryote

cell wall present in most

some have photosynthesis

bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)

protista

eukaryote

cell wall absent

some have photosynthesis

amoeba, paramecium, euglena, golden brown algae

fungi

eukaryote

cell wall present

no photosynthesis

yeasts, molds, mushrooms

plantae

eukaryote

cell wall present

has photosynthesis

brown, red, and green algae; moss

animalia

eukaryote

cell wall absent

no photosynthesis

invertebrates, vertebrates

non-vascular plant

Do not have any tissues to transport water and nutrients

no phloem, xylem

algae

non-vascular

brown, red, and green

aquatic

reproduce by spores

can survive for a long time

bryophytes

non-vascular

mosses

no roots, leaves, or stems

reproduce by spores

vascular plant

has vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

pteridophytes

vascular

mostly ferns

flowerless, seedless

only have roots, stems, and fronts

reproduce by spores

seed plants

no spores

gymnosperms

seed plants

most conifers (cone-bearing)

pine trees

angiosperms

flowering plants

monocot

angiosperm with one seed leaf in its ovary

scattered vascular system

rice, coconut, grass, corn, orgchids, pineapple

dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves

rose, gumamela, mango

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

FOOD

xylem

The vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants

WATER

pistil

Female part of the flower

stigma

The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which receives pollen grain.

style

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

ovary

A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop.

ovule

the female reproductive structure of a seed plant where the haploid egg develops

receptacle

Holds the embryo

petal

colorful part of the flower that helps attract pollinators.

anther

the part of a stamen that contains and produces the POLLEN

part of stamen

filament

Supports the anther

part of stamen

sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower

tropism

slow and permanent reaction by plants

phototropism

response to light

geotropism

Response to gravity

thigmotropism

response to touch

invertebrates

animals

no backbone

sponges, coral, jellyfish, anemone

vertebrates

animals

with backbone

cold-blooded vertebrates

rely on environment for body heat

sharks and rays

have scales

warm-blooded

maintain constantly high body temperature

birds

mammals

classification

Katy Perry Cuts Onions For Girls Son (or ForGiveneSs)

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

theory of natural selection

CHARLES DARWIN

survival of the fittest

giraffes w/ long necks