Midterms GOODLUCK LOVE

Perception

The organization, identification, and interpretation of information received.

Reality

Everything that appears to our five senses and does not go away when we stop believing in it.

Knowledge

Facts, feelings, or experiences that are part of a person's reality and the state of knowing gained through experience or learning.

Disciplinary knowledge

Shared knowledge within a community or discipline that is generated according to currently accepted methods and standards.

Data-gathering methods

The methods and formats used to gather information and argue statements of disciplinary knowledge, which vary through time, discipline, and even within disciplines.

Synchrony

The idea that disciplines do not advance at the same pace or in the same way.

Community knowledge

Personal knowledge statements that are accepted by the community and become part of mainstream knowledge.

Common sense knowledge

Knowledge that arises from less structured processes and day-to-day experiences, but can still be considered knowledgeable if based on evidence or reliable theory.

Knowledge generation

The process of generating knowledge based on assumptions about perception and understanding of the world.

Scientific approach

A conventional philosophical approach to knowledge generation that relies on scientific methods and assumptions.

Interpretive approach

A conventional philosophical approach to knowledge generation that focuses on interpretation and understanding.1. Ontology:The study of a set of beliefs about what the nature of reality is.

Epistemology

The study of what we can know about reality.

Scientific approach

An approach that considers reality to be objective and independent of our perception or experience.

Interpretive approach

An approach that considers reality to be constructed by those who experience it.

Paradigms

A set of beliefs adhered to by scientists in assessing scientific information and generating conclusions and knowledge.

Miletus/Milesians

A group of philosophers in 600 BC who questioned what reality is made of and rejected supernatural explanations.

Thales of Miletus

The most famous Milesian philosopher who believed that the originating principle of nature was water.

Pythagoras

A Greek mathematician who developed the equation of a right triangle and emphasized the importance of proving truth.

Aristotle

Considered the founder of both science and philosophy, he extensively wrote about various topics and promoted systematic observation and thought.

Ptolemy

A scientist from Alexandria who proposed the geocentric model, which states that the Earth is the center of the universe.

Francis Bacon

A philosopher who emphasized the importance of understanding the physical causes and laws of nature through inductive reasoning.

Rene Descartes

A philosopher who founded rationalism and believed that all science is based on mathematics.

Karl Popper

A philosopher who emphasized the importance of falsifying theories with observations that contradict them.

Scientific Method

A process that involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and making conclusions.

David Hume

An empiricist philosopher who argued that scientific findings based on observations are only true until proven false.1. Scientific Naturalism:a philosophical approach using tools that are akin to those of the natural sciences.

Interpretivism

a theoretical approach that focuses on understanding and interpreting social phenomena.

Theory

a well substantiated statement that explains a natural phenomenon.

Law

a well substantiated statement that describes a natural phenomenon.

Gravity

the force that attracts objects towards each other.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

a mathematical formula that calculates the strength of the gravitational pull between two objects.

Albert Einstein's General Relativity Theory

a theory that explains gravity as a consequence of the curvature of four-dimensional space-time.

Society

the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.

Technology

the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Stone Age

a period in human history characterized by the use of tools made from wood or shards of rock and the discovery of fire.

Bronze Age

a period in human history characterized by the use of metal tools and weapons.

Iron Age

a period in human history characterized by the use of iron and other metals.

Ancient China

an ancient civilization known for its agricultural practices, metalworking, and isolation.

Yellow River

a river in China known for its yellow color due to windblown loess deposits.

Yangtze River

a river in China known for its wet rice farming and hunting.

Chinese Civilization

a civilization characterized by reverence for ancestors, importance of family, and the prestige of being educated.

Mesopotamia

a region in the Middle East known as the "land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) and for its early agricultural practices.

Sumerian Civilization

an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia known for its agricultural and irrigation practices.

Babylonian Civilization

an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia known for its great builders and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.1. Egyptian:Refers to the ancient civilization that developed along the Nile River in Egypt. Known for its strategic location, agriculture, and pharaohs as god kings.

Nile River

The longest river in the world, flowing northward through Egypt. It is a benevolent river that swells in late summer, depositing fertile silt.

Cataracts

Rapids in the Nile River that prevent easy passage into Egypt.

Stability

Refers to the stability of Egypt and its intimate relationship with the environment, particularly in agriculture.

Pharaohs

The rulers of ancient Egypt who were considered god kings.

Greece

Refers to the ancient Greek civilization, known for its three epochs:Minoan-Mycenaean Age, Hellenic Period, and Hellenistic Period.

Aegean

Refers to the sea and the small islands located in the Aegean Sea, which played a significant role in Greek civilization.

Rome

Refers to the ancient Roman civilization, which was a successor to Hellenistic Greece. Rome is known for its location on the Italian peninsula and the Tiber River.

Tiber River

The river that flows through the fertile plains of Rome.

Etruscans

A highly civilized group of people who settled in Rome, but little is known about them due to the lack of written accounts.

Greeks

Another group of people who settled in Rome, migrating from cities such as Corinth and Thebes.

Phoenicians

Settled in Rome through Carthage and were known for their powerful ships.

Americas

Refers to the continents of North and South America, which were inhabited by various indigenous groups.

Beringia

A land bridge that connected Northeast Asia and Alaska, allowing migration of early humans to the Americas.

Paleoindian Period

A period characterized by hunting for survival, with different types of projectile points used depending on the climate.

Archaic Period

A period characterized by shifting climates, gathering of wild plants, and hunting of smaller animals.

Agricultural Revolution

Refers to the development of agriculture in the Americas, including the cultivation of crops such as maize, beans, and squash.

Medieval Period

A period characterized by massive invasions, migrations, and technological advancements in trade, commerce, and warfare.

Printing Press

A device used for automated printing of publications, addressing the problem of reliability and efficiency in printing.

Microscope

A device used for close magnification, addressing the need for examination of infinitesimal figures or organisms.

Telescope

A device used for distant magnification, addressing the need for observation of far and wide sites.

War Weapons

Weapons developed during the Middle Ages to improve combat1. Eyeglasses:Portable, practical, and efficient solution for problematic eyesight.

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

Annotated edition by Rizal of Antonio de Morga's book on life before Spanish colonization in the Philippines.

Boxer Codex

307-page Spanish account of life in Luzon and Visayas.

Rice Terraces

Ancient agricultural practice of planting rice on terraced fields.

Laguna Copper Plate Inscription

Ancient artifact dating back to 900 AD, providing insights into early Philippine history.

Neolithic Age

Prehistoric period characterized by the use of stone tools, such as the basalt adze.

Donya Simang Site

Archaeological site yielding various artifacts, including earthenware, trade ceramics, metals, and other ecofacts.

Candaba Swamp

One of the oldest settlements in Central Luzon, known for its agricultural activities and as a habitat for migratory birds.

Homo Luzonensis

Human species discovered in the Philippines, dating back to the Late Pleistocene period.

Copernican Revolution

Shift in understanding of the universe, with Nicolaus Copernicus proposing the heliocentric theory.

Geocentric Theory

Belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, with heavenly bodies revolving around it.

Aristarchus of Samos

Ancient Greek astronomer who opposed the geocentric theory.

Hipparchus of Nicea

Astronomer who made significant contributions to star maps, catalogues, and the understanding of celestial motions.

Ptolemy

Astronomer and geographer who furthered the work of Hipparchus, proposing the use of epicycles to explain planetary motions.

Heliocentric Theory

Explanation that the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.

Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler

Scientists who provided scientific support for Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

Germ Theory of Disease

Explanation that diseases are caused by imbalances in the four humors or by microorganisms.

Miasma Theory

Belief that diseases are caused by inhaling "bad air" or "noxious air" from decomposing organic matter.

Girolamo Fracastoro

Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by spores, and introduced the concept of fomites.1. Louis Pasteur:Introduced pasteurization to prevent spoilage of milk in 1864.

Yeasts

Responsible for fermenting sugar to alcohol in the absence of air.

Agostino Bassi

Proved that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

Joseph Lister

Observed that physicians who do not wash their hands are more likely to spread infections in 1840. Started disinfecting surgical instruments with carbolic acid.

Robert Koch

Proved the credibility of Germ Theory in 1876. Cultured the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and injected it into healthy animals.

Koch's Postulate

Cultured the bacterium and injected it into healthy animals to establish that some diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Information Revolution

Refers to the advancements in technology and communication that have transformed the way information is accessed and shared.

Oldest Cave Painting in the World

Found in Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave, France. Paintings done in 33,000-30,000 BCE and depict animals like bisons.

Petroglyphs

Characters etched on rocky walls of caves, discovered by Carlos "Botong" Francisco in Angono Rizal in 1965.