LEC 15 blood typing, antigens, and WBC

Technique for determining which specific protein type is present on the RBC

Antigen typing (blood typing)

What are the proteins called when RBC membranes carry certain types of proteins that another person's body will recognize as foreign and reject?

Antigens

What are the 2 types of blood antigens?

Type A and Type B

If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion of type B blood, what would happen?

donated blood will clump (agglutinate) because immune system attacks the foreign antigens

this can be fatal

What protein does the term positive or negative refer to in blood typing?

Rh factor

What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus and has antibodies to the Rh factor?

mom antibodies attack fetus RBCs

—> Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

If a woman is Rh- and pregnant, what injection is given at 18 weeks and within 72 hours after birth?

Rhogam

About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor?

18 weeks

During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, is the baby at risk for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

no

mom usually not sensitized until fetal blood enters her bloodstream during birth/miscarriage

What protein is another RBC antigen similar to Rh factor that can cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

Kell protein

What is leukemia?

Cancer of the blood involving white blood cells

What kind of cell does leukemia involve?

Stem cells that produce blood cells

What happens when one stem cell does not function properly?

makes large amounts of abnormal clones that dont function correctly

• fewer normal WBCs

What is a result from a decrease of WBCs?

The body cannot fight infections effectively

Where are immature white blood cells sent in leukemia?

The bloodstream

Define leukemia

Too few mature white blood cells are produced

Even though the WBC count is high in leukemia, are they functioning normally?

no; most are immature forms and dont function properly

Leukemia is a disorder of ______ where too few mature ______ are made

Leukocytes; WBCs

Lymphoblastic leukemia is defined as too many mature lymphocytes

False; it is too many immature lymphocytes

Too many immature neutrophils is defined as

Myeloblastic leukemia

What do people with severe leukemia need transplanted?

Bone marrow transplant

Before a bone marrow transplant, what has to happen with the recipient's WBCs?

The recipient's malfunctioning WBCs must be killed off with medicine

What is lymphoblastic leukemia?

Leukemia involving too many immature lymphocytes

What is myeloblastic leukemia?

Leukemia involving too many immature myeloid cells

What causes mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

What cells are destroyed in HIV/AIDS?

T cells

What is autoimmune disease?

A disease where the immune system attacks the body's own cells

Excess neutrophils are defined as

Neutrophilia

Too few neutrophils are defined as

Neutropenia

Define thrombocytophilia

Excess platelets

Define thrombocytopenia

Too few platelets

What term means lack of platelets?

Thrombocytopenia

What can thrombocytophilia and thrombocytopenia indicate?

Abnormal conditions involving excess clotting or excessive bleeding

What is hemophilia?

A hereditary disease where a person lacks clotting factors and cannot clot properly

Why do people with hemophilia bleed easily?

They are missing clotting factors needed for blood clot formation

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot that forms inside a vessel

What is an embolism?

A thrombus that breaks away and travels through the bloodstream, blocking a smaller vessel