Living in the US Semester 1 Final Exam

Railroad Act (1862)

Gave land to railroad companies and an incentive to construct the transcontinental railroad.

Spanish colonizers like Pizarro and Cortez were successful in their conquest of the New World for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

colonizing Europeans were numerically superior to indigenous peoples

The Trail of Tears was the result of:

the Indian Removal Act as well as Supreme Court decisions

The Five "Civilized Tribes" were called such because they:

made great efforts to assimilate into "American" culture

In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Chief Justice Marshall wrote:

The relationship between Natives and the US government was like that between "a ward and its guardian" - meaning that the US government would look after the interests of Native Peoples

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832) the Supreme Court ruled that:

the states have no authority over Native relations

Tenswakawa ("the Prophet") was used as an example of:

Natives who sought to assimilate or accommodate American settlement

The Homestead Act provided:

free land to anyone who built a 5x10 structure, "improved the land" and lived on it for five years

The Indian Removal Act (1832):

set the precedent for the forced relocation of Native Americans

The Dawes Act:

sought to force Native Americans to assimilate into "American" culture

All of the following are reasons for the decimation (to near the point of extinction) of the American bison in the late 19th century EXCEPT:

cattle out-competed bison for food and resources

A common theme (the underlying meaning in a piece of writing) that consistently showed up in the short stories we read in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven was:

the struggle to find one's identity as an Indigenous Person in modern-day America

All of the following are the result of the farming and ranching west of 100 degrees longitude EXCEPT:

an increase in the biodiversity of the American West

The creation of the "mythical West" was the result of:

the entertainment industry like dime store novels and the Wild West Show and later films and television

The massacre at Wounded Knee was the result of:

a desire of the Lakota to return to their nomadic life being misunderstood by the US military (and a desire to "get even" with the Lakota following the Battle of Greasy Grass)

Gen. Sherman issued Special Field Order #15 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

He wanted to support the Congressional Reconstruction

Formative assessments (like quizzes and seat work) are worth _____% of your semester grade.

20

When our government was first writing the Constitution, the House of Representatives gave representatives based on the population of a state. Enslaved people. While not even granted legal status as a person, enslaved people were counted towards what ratio of a person in calculating the state's population for Congressional representation?

3/5

Institutional racism has been a part of American history since before its founding. The Compromise that permitted the existence of slavery but sought to limit its spread by not permitting slavery above 36 degrees 30 minutes north longitude was

Missouri Compromise

The compromise that titled the power in the Senate in favor of "free states" by admitting California as a free state (without a paired "slave state") - and also created the "Runaway Slave Act" that bringing attention to the barbarity of slavery to free whites in free states was:

Compromise of 1850

Bacon's rebellion began because:

Poor Blacks and Whites wanted to change the economic balance of power

The result of Bacon's rebellion was:

racism was made an institution to separate poor people

The Emancipation Proclamation:

freed enslaved persons only in states in active rebellion against the Union

The 13th Amendment:

Ended "involuntary servitude" everywhere within the United States except those convicted of a crime

The 14th Amendment does all of the following EXCEPT:

prohibits involuntary servitude except if a person is convicted of a crime

The Freedman's Bureau sought to do all of the following EXCEPT:

actively worked to get Blacks elected to political office

"Presidential Reconstruction" (under Johnson) did all of the following EXCEPT:

provided civil and political rights for Blacks

The "10% Plan":

Allowed former Confederate states to self-govern if only 10% of the population took loyalty oaths

All of the following were elements of Congressional Reconstruction EXCEPT:

granting women the right to vote

Examples of Freedmen exercising their new rights during Reconstruction include all of the following EXCEPT:

Supporting the policies of "Redeemers"

"Black Codes" were:

ways in which Southern states sought to "work around" the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments

"Sharecropping" is:

similar to feudalism where a laborer is paid by a share of the crops he grows and tends to the owner of the land

Plessey v. Furguson (1898) is an important Supreme Court decision because it:

Made the separation of races legal so long as things were equal and established the "separate but equal" doctrine.

The Compromise of 1877:

ended Reconstruction in exchange for Southern states giving their electoral college votes to the Republican candidate

"Redeemers" sought to:

Maintain the social, economic, and racial status quo of the pre-Civil War South

All of the following are examples of "Congressional Reconstruction" EXCEPT:

seeking to readmit Southern states as quickly as possible while asking as little of possible of them for readmittance to the Union

A "carpet bagger" was (is) a term used to describe:

white northerners who relocated to the South to change the social and economic dynamic after the Civil War

The aim and goal of the Radical Republicans was to:

Change the social and economic fabric of the country

President Johnson's reconstruction plan:

sought to humiliate the "planter class" while making reconstruction as speedy and lenient as possible

what do progressives want

To fix social ills, such as better and unfair wages, employee rights, immigrant rights, unions, labor organizing, and child labor laws.

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

what do muckrakers want

to expose corruption, scandal or wrongdoing, specifically in politics.

recall process for elected officials

citizens can try to remove an elected official @ any time by signing a petition

initiative process (of legislation)

voters can enact new laws, or change existing ones

sherman anti trust act

increase competition between companies by making sure no one has more power( no monopolies)

Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

american civil rights organization, give justice to african americans

Temperance Movement

social movement to stop or reduce alcohol consumption

W.E.B. DuBois

Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Nelly Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane)

reporter who caused outrage when she exposed how mental asylums treated patients

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

John Muir

Founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.

Commodities

the raw materials used to manufacture products

bourgeoisie

Capitalists who own most of the industrialization wealth and production want as much money as possible

Proletariat

Working class, which emerged with industrialization

Social Darwinism

The excuses made by them for being rich (everything is based on hard work, work as hard as I did and you'll get there one day)

Vertical Integration

owning every step of production, making it very difficult to fail business-wise, (EX: beef farming)

Horizontal Integration

owning one step of production, controlling all of that strand for that chain (EX: Railway)

Robber Barons

people who undercut their competition to gain profit, reduce customers for competitors

Samuel Gompers

He created the American Federation of Labor (knights of labor). He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Knights of Labor

the first labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms, became the model for other unions

Agnes Nestor

Piece worker in the glove factory, gave us insight on how piece work was for the laborers

piece work

workers are paid by volume & output, not hourly

what are the steps of a supply chain

commodity producer, supplier, manufacturer, Distributor, wholesaler, retailer

at-will employment

employment which can be terminated at will by the employer or employee (cant be fired for race, gender, or sexuality)

common reason for labor to organize

cost of living (food, housing, essential needs + a little extra) used as a way for wages to raise

strategies to reduce labor organizing

hire spies, internal conflict (division), vertically or horizontally integrate, Hire scabs, control benefits (like housing and insurance)

3 steps when organizing

agitate(find issues), Educate( show workers what could happen), organize(begin to strike)