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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
From DNA, to RNA, to protein
What is the process that creates more DNA from DNA? What is the enzyme?
DNA replication, DNA polymerase
What is the process that makes RNA from DNA? What is the enzyme?
transcription, RNA polymerase
What is the process that makes DNA from RNA? What is the enzyme?
reverse transcription, reverse transcriptase
What is the process that makes proteins from RNA? What does this process?
translation, ribosomes
What is the naming convention of genes?
lowercase and use italics
What is the naming convention of proteins?
first letter capitalized and no italics
What are the three ways that the genetic information can flow with a prokaryote?
Gene expression, replication, recombination
What is involved with gene expression?
transcription and translation
What is involved with replication?
vertical gene transfer
What is vertical gene transfer?
gene transfer from one generation to the next
What is involved with recombination?
horizontal gene transfer
What is horizontal gene transfer?
gene transfer between cells of the same generation
Where does bacterial DNA replication begin?
the origin
Bacterial DNA replication happens in both directions, what is this called?
bidirectional synthesis
What is the termination of replication called?
ter sequence
What are the 5 main DNA replication enzymes?
helicase, DNA Gyrase (topoisomerase), Primase, DNA Polymerase, DNA Ligase
What is the purpose of helicase?
unwinds DNA
What is the purpose of DNA Gyrase (topoisomerase)?
relaxes supercoils in DNA
What is the purpose of primase?
adds RNA primer
What is the purpose of the RNA primer?
needs to be present for DNA polymerase bind and do DNA replication
What is the purpose of DNA Polymerase?
synthesizes DNA, removes and replaces primer
What is the purpose of DNA Ligase?
joins end of DNA fragments
Which of the following relaxes supercoiling in DNA as it unwinds?
A. Helicase
B. DNA gyrase
C. DNA ligase
D. DNA polymerase
B
What is significant about the prokaryote DNA replication?
circular and single
What is significant about the chromosome of eukaryotic DNA replication?
linear, more chromosomes
Prokaryotic has __________ origin of replication.
single
Eukaryotic cells have ____________ origin of replication?
multiple
Prokaryotic DNA repication ends at the ______ ____________
ter sequence
Eukaryotic DNA replication ends at the _____________
telomeres
Prokaryotic DNA replication is associated with ____________ ___________
nonhistone proteins
Eukaryotic DNA replication is associated with __________ ________
histone proteins
A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product is a(n)
A. genetic code
B. gene
C. codon
D. anticodon
B
What does the promoter have? What happens there?
RNA polymerase binding site, RNA polymerase binds
Do prokaryotes need RNA editing? Why?
no, introns and doesn’t need stabilized because there is no nucleus to travel through
What does prokaryotes produce in transcription?
polycistronic mRNAs (multiple genes)
Do eukaryotics need RNA editing? Why?
yes, they have introns and exon, introns need to be removed
What do eukaryotes produce from transcription?
monocistronic mRNAs
Clusters of genes (often used for a single cellular process) are all transcribed together in an _________
operon
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the
A. intron
B. start codon
C. terminator
D. promoter
D
What is the start codon?
AUG, methionine
What is the coding (sense) strand?
The strand that ribosomes read off of
What is the template (antisense) strand?
the 3’ to 5’ side of the DNA strand that isn’t read to RNA sequence
___________ read the mRNA to know which amino acid to use.
ribosomes
____________ brings the appropriate amino acid by base pairing with the __________.
tRNA, codon
What is translation?
synthesis of proteins
What are the three sites within the ribosome?
A, P, and E site
What happens at the A site? What is another name?
tRNA enters ribosome and binds codon, attachment site
What happens at the P site? Another name?
peptide bond is formed, peptide bond site
What happens at the E site? Another name?
empty tRNA leaves ribosome, exit site
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes with ribosomes? List the numbers of the difference.
eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes, 80S to 70S
Prokaryotes have ___________ translation start sites per mRNA and eukaryotes have ___________ translation start site per mRNA.
multiple, single
What is a special kind of transcription and translation that can only be achieved by prokaryotes? Why can eukaryotes not do this?
simultaneous transcription and translation, the nucleus is a physical barrier and eukaryotes require RNA splicing
Which is correct regarding differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
A. eukaryotes have more origins of replication than prokaryotes
B. chromosomes are circular in eukaryotes
C. the chromosome is located in the nucleus in prokaryotes
D. prokaryotes use a DNA primer instead of an RNA primer
A
A single mRNA that contains multiple coding regions is called
A. frameshift
B. RNA editing
C. monocistronic
D. polycistronic
D
What are the kind of genes when it comes to regulating gene expression?
constitutive genes, repression genes, induction genes
What are constitutive genes? What is an example of one? What is another name for these genes?
genes that are constantly expressed, proteins that are essential to metabolism, “housekeeping genes”
What do repressible genes do? What is a description of them? What kind of proteins and enzymes are repressible?
turn off transcription, normally on but can be turned off, biosynthetic enzymes and proteins
What do inducible genes do? What is a description of them? What is an example?
turn on transcription, off until turned on, catabolic enzymes and proteins
Why would a cell want to regulate gene expression?
to conserve energy
Genes in an operon are regulated ____________.
together
Operons consist of ___________ and _____________ sites (___________ region) and the ______________ genes (__________ products) they control.
promoter, operator, control, structural, protein
What are regulatory genes and where are they located?
regulate expression of the operon, outside of the operon
With a repressible operon, is it typically on or off? The repressor protein is constitutively, repressibly, or inducibly expressed?
on, constitutively
When the protein product is low on a repressible operon, the repressor protein is active or inactive? Can or cannot bind to the operator? and RNA polymerase transcribes or does not transcribe the genes?
inactive, cannot, transcribes
In a repressible operon, when the protein product is high, the repressor protein is active or inactive? Can or cannot bind to the operator? The operon is repressed or induced? RNA polymerase is blocked or can transcribe the genes?
active, can bind to operator, repressed, blocked
What is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene or genes?
A. induction
B. repression
C. translation
D. replication
A
Mutations are……
heritable change in the DNA sequence
What can a mutation potential alter? What can it potentially cause?
protein sequence, nonfunctional or misfolded proteins
What is the type of mutation when a base is inserted or deleted?
frameshift
What does a frameshift mutation cause?
shift in the reading of the codons
What is the kind of mutation that occurs when a single base is substituted? What are the three kinds of this mutation?
point mutation, silent, missence, nonsense
What is a silent mutation?
a base substitution that does not change the protein sequence
What is a missence mutation?
a base substitution that causes an amino acid to be substituted
What is a nonsense mutation? What does this result in?
a base substitution that results in a stop codon that results in a protein that is too short
What are the types of horizaontal gene transfer? (4)
transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposition
