Emergency Care, 14th Edition - Chapter 10: Respiration and Artificial Ventilation

Vocabulary flashcards covering core terms, oxygen delivery equipment, physiology, and airway management techniques from Chapter 10.

Ventilation

The process of moving air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the chest.

Inhalation

An active process during which chest muscles expand and the diaphragm contracts, increasing chest size and pulling air into the lungs via negative pressure.

Exhalation

A passive process during which chest muscles and the diaphragm relax, decreasing chest size and pushing air out of the lungs via positive pressure.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in one breath.

Minute Volume

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute.

Alveolar Ventilation

The amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli for gas exchange, depending heavily on tidal volume and respiratory rate.

Diffusion

The movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Pulmonary Respiration

The process of gas exchange (diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

Cellular Respiration

The process of gas exchange (diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide) between body cells and the circulating blood.

Cardiopulmonary System

The combined system of the respiratory and circulatory structures working together to achieve respiration, also referred to as a ventilation-perfusion ($V/Q$) match.

Hypoxia

An insufficiency or low level of oxygen in body tissues.

Hypercapnia

An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the body.

Respiratory Distress

A state of increased work of breathing where body compensatory mechanisms are working, resulting in normal mental status, skin color, and oximetry readings.

Respiratory Failure

Inadequate breathing where compensatory mechanisms fail to meet body metabolic needs, serving as a precursor to respiratory arrest.

Positive Pressure Ventilation

The technique of forcing air or oxygen into the lungs using positive pressure when a patient has stopped breathing or is breathing inadequately; also called artificial ventilation.

Sniffing Position

An optimal head-elevated position for airway management created by flexing the neck forward and extending the head so the suprasternal notch is even with the ear hole and face is parallel to the ceiling.

Ramp Position

A positioning technique for obese patients where the torso is elevated to a $45^\circ$ angle and the head is plateaued so the suprasternal notch aligns with the ear hole.

Pocket Face Mask

A soft, collapsible clear plastic mask with a one-way valve used for mouth-to-mask artificial ventilation while protecting the provider from body fluids.

Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)

A handheld ventilation device consisting of a self-refilling shell and a non-jam valve that allows an oxygen inlet rate of $15\,\text{L/min}$ to ventilate nonbreathing or inadequately breathing patients.

Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)

A portable mechanical ventilation device with adjustable rate and volume settings that delivers positive pressure ventilations during respiratory arrest.

D Cylinder

A portable oxygen cylinder containing $350\,\text{liters}$ of oxygen.

E Cylinder

A portable oxygen cylinder containing $625\,\text{liters}$ of oxygen.

M Cylinder

An oxygen cylinder containing $3000\,\text{liters}$ of oxygen, commonly used for fixed ambulance systems.

G Cylinder

An oxygen cylinder containing $5300\,\text{liters}$ of oxygen.

H Cylinder

An oxygen cylinder containing $6900\,\text{liters}$ of oxygen.

Pressure Regulator

A device connected to an oxygen cylinder that reduces high cylinder pressure down to a safe working pressure of $30\,\text{to}\,70\,\text{psi}$.

Pressure-Compensated Flowmeter

A low-pressure flowmeter featuring a calibrated glass tube used to control oxygen flow from larger cylinders in an ambulance.

Constant Flow Selector Valve

A low-pressure flowmeter with a stepped dial regulator that can be attached to any size oxygen cylinder to control oxygen flow.

High-Pressure Flowmeter

A flowmeter attached to threaded connectors that delivers high-pressure oxygen needed for powered devices, respirators, or ventilators.

Humidifier

A container of water connected to an oxygen flowmeter that adds moisture to dry oxygen gas before delivery to the patient.

Nonrebreather Mask

An oxygen delivery mask with a reservoir bag and flutter valves that supplies high concentrations of oxygen ($80\%\,\text{to}\,90\%$) at a flow rate of $15\,\text{L/min}$.

Nasal Cannula

A low-concentration oxygen delivery device with two nasal prongs delivering $24\%\,\text{to}\,44\%$ oxygen at flow rates of $1\,\text{to}\,6\,\text{L/min}$.

Partial Rebreather Mask

An oxygen mask without a one-way valve that allows a patient to rebreathe approximately one-third of exhaled air to preserve carbon dioxide, delivering $40\%\,\text{to}\,60\%$ oxygen at $9\,\text{to}\,10\,\text{L/min}$.

Venturi Mask

An oxygen mask that mixes oxygen with room air using interchangeable orifice tips to deliver precise oxygen concentrations, commonly used for COPD patients.

Tracheostomy Mask

A small cuplike mask placed over a stoma or tracheostomy tube to administer supplemental oxygen at $8\,\text{to}\,10\,\text{L/min}$.

Blow-By Technique

A pediatric oxygen administration method where oxygen tubing or a mask is held approximately $2\,\text{inches}$ away from the face so oxygen drifts over the face for inhalation.

BURP Maneuver

An airway maneuver assisting intubation where pressure is applied to the cricoid cartilage directing the throat backward, upward, and rightward.