CHILD AND ADOLESCENT - DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

In Erikson's theory, what does 'Psycho' refer to?

Relating to the mind, brain, and personality

In Erikson's theory, what does 'Social' refer to?

External relationships and environment

What is the Epigenetic Principle?

Explains that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages

According to Erikson, what role did earlier stages play?

They served as a foundation for later stages

What did Erikson's theory highlight about one's environment?

The influence of one's environment, particularly how earlier experiences gradually build upon the next and result in one's personality

What is a Psychosocial Crisis?

Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis of two opposing emotional forces (contrary dispositions)

How does each crisis stage relate to life?

Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges

What is Syntonic (Erikson)?

The positive disposition in each crisis (e.g. Trust)

What is Dystonic (Erikson)?

The negative disposition in each crisis (e.g. Mistrust)

What do we carry away if a stage is managed well, per Erikson?

A certain Virtue or Psychosocial Strength

What is Malignancy in Erikson's theory?

Involves too little of the positive and too much of the negative aspect of the task (e.g. a person who can't trust others)

What is Maladaptation in Erikson's theory?

Not quite as bad as malignancy; involves too much of the positive and too little of the negative (e.g. a person who trusts too much)

Erikson Stage 1 (Trust vs. Mistrust) — Virtue?

Hope — the belief that, even when things are not going well, they will work out well in the end

Erikson Stage 1 (Trust vs. Mistrust) — Maladaptation?

Sensory Maladjustment — overly trusting, gullible, cannot believe that anyone would mean them harm

Erikson Stage 1 (Trust vs. Mistrust) — Malignancy?

Withdrawal — characterized by depression, paranoia, possibly psychosis

Erikson Stage 2 (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) — Virtue?

Willpower or Determination — a 'can do' attitude

Erikson Stage 2 (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) — Maladaptation?

Impulsiveness — shameless willfulness leads to jumping into things without proper consideration

Erikson Stage 2 (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) — Malignancy?

Compulsiveness — feels as if everything must be done perfectly; mistakes must be avoided at all costs

Erikson Stage 3 (Initiative vs. Guilt) — Virtue?

Courage or Ability to take risks — the capacity for action despite a clear understanding of your limitations and past failings

Erikson Stage 3 (Initiative vs. Guilt) — Maladaptation?

Ruthlessness — heartless, unfeeling; they don't care who they step on

Erikson Stage 3 (Initiative vs. Guilt) — Malignancy?

Inhibition — the fear that if they fail, they will be blamed. 'Nothing ventured, nothing lost.'

Erikson Stage 4 (Industry vs. Inferiority) — Virtue?

Competency

Erikson Stage 4 (Industry vs. Inferiority) — Maladaptation?

Narrow Virtuosity — those who aren't allowed to be children, pushed into one area of competency

Erikson Stage 4 (Industry vs. Inferiority) — Malignancy?

Inertia — those who suffer inferiority complexes. 'If at first you don't succeed, don't ever try again.'

Erikson Stage 5 (Identity vs. Role Confusion) — Virtue?

Fidelity — ability to live by society's standard; means you have found a place in the community

Erikson Stage 5 (Identity vs. Role Confusion) — Maladaptation?

Fanaticism — 'his way is the only way'; gathers others to promote their beliefs and lifestyles without regard for others' right to disagree

Erikson Stage 5 (Identity vs. Role Confusion) — Malignancy?

Repudiation — to reject; they reject their membership in the world of adults and reject their need for an identity

Erikson Stage 6 (Intimacy vs. Isolation) — Virtue?

Love — includes not only the love found in a good marriage, but the love between friends and the love of one's neighbor, co-worker, and compatriot

Erikson Stage 6 (Intimacy vs. Isolation) — Maladaptation?

Promiscuity — tendency to become intimate too freely, too easily, and without any depth to your intimacy

Erikson Stage 6 (Intimacy vs. Isolation) — Malignancy?

Exclusion — tendency to isolate oneself from love, friendship, and community, developing a certain hatefulness in compensation for one's loneliness

Erikson Stage 7 (Generativity vs. Stagnation) — Virtue?

Caring

Erikson Stage 7 (Generativity vs. Stagnation) — Maladaptation?

Overextension — no longer allowing time for themselves

Erikson Stage 7 (Generativity vs. Stagnation) — Malignancy?

Rejectivity — no longer participating in activities or contributing to society

Erikson Stage 8 (Integrity vs. Despair) — Virtue?

Wisdom

Erikson Stage 8 (Integrity vs. Despair) — Maladaptation?

Presumption — presuming ego integrity without actually facing the difficulties of old age

Erikson Stage 8 (Integrity vs. Despair) — Malignancy?

Disdain — a contempt of life, one's own or anyone's; the person becomes very negative and appears to hate life

List Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages in order

1) Trust vs. Mistrust, 2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, 3) Initiative vs. Guilt, 4) Industry vs. Inferiority, 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion, 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation, 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation, 8) Integrity vs. Despair

Who is considered one of the most well-known psychologists due to his theories on the unconscious and sexual development?

Sigmund Freud

List Freud's stages of psychosexual development in order

1) Oral (birth–18 months), 2) Anal (18 months–3 years), 3) Phallic (3–6 years), 4) Latency (6–puberty), 5) Genital (puberty onwards)

What is an erogenous zone?

A specific area that becomes the focus of pleasure or needs, such as the arms, mouth, and genitals

What is the erogenous zone in Freud's Oral Stage?

The mouth

What can too much or too little satisfaction in the Oral stage lead to?

Oral Fixation or Oral Personality, shown in increased focus on oral activities

What is Oral Receptive personality?

A personality type with a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, or overeat

What is Oral Aggressive personality?

A tendency to bite one's nails, use curse words, or gossip

What is the focus of pleasure in Freud's Anal Stage?

The anus

What does the child find satisfaction in during the Anal stage?

Eliminating and retaining feces

What developmental task does the child work on during the Anal stage?

Toilet training

What is Anal Retentive personality?

An obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control

What is Anal Expulsive personality?

The person becomes messy and disorganized

What is the erogenous zone in Freud's Phallic Stage?

The genitals

What do children become interested in during the Phallic stage?

What makes boys and girls different

What is the Oedipus Complex?

Boys develop an unconscious sexual desire for their mother and see their father as a rival for their mother's affection

What is the Electra Complex?

Girls may develop an unconscious sexual attraction towards their father

How do boys resolve the Oedipus Complex, according to Freud?

Out of fear of castration and competition with their father, boys identify with their father, developing masculine characteristics and repressing sexual feelings toward their mother

What can a fixation at the Phallic stage result in?

Sexual deviancies and weak or confused sexual identity

What happens to sexual urges during Freud's Latency Stage?

They remain repressed

What is the children's focus during the Latency stage?

The acquisition of physical and academic skills

How do children relate to peers during the Latency stage?

Boys relate more with boys and girls with girls

When does Freud's Genital Stage begin?

At the start of puberty, when sexual urges are again awakened

What is the focus of the Genital stage?

Adolescents focus their sexual urges towards the opposite sex, with pleasures centered on the genitals

What are Freud's three personality components?

The Id, the Ego, and the Superego

What principle does the Id operate on?

The pleasure principle

What does the Id focus on?

Immediate gratification or satisfaction of its needs, with no consideration for reality, logicality, or practicality

When does the Ego emerge?

During toddler and preschooler years

What principle does the Ego operate on?

The reality principle

Why is the Ego practical?

It knows that being impulsive or selfish can result in negative consequences later, so it reasons and considers the best response to situations

When does the Superego develop?

Near the end of the preschool years, or the end of the phallic stage

What principle does the Superego operate on?

The morality principle

Why is the Superego likened to conscience?

Because it exerts influence on what one considers right or wrong

What are the three levels of Freud's Topographical Model?

The Unconscious, the Conscious, and the Subconscious

What does Freud believe influences us most?

The Unconscious

Where are the Oedipus and Electra Complex buried, per Freud?

In the Unconscious, out of our awareness due to the extreme anxiety they caused

What is stored in the Conscious mind?

All that we are aware of

What is the Subconscious?

The part of us that we can reach if prompted but is not in our active conscious (e.g. telephone number, childhood memories, name of a childhood friend)

What is the Nonconscious?

All that we are not aware of, have not experienced, and that have not been made part of our personalities

Who developed the Cognitive Development Theory, and when did he live?

Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

What made Piaget a child prodigy?

He published his first article in a refereed journal at the age of 11

Where did Piaget become interested in how children think?

While working in Binet's test lab in Paris

What did Piaget notice about young children's answers compared to older children's?

They were qualitatively different

What did this suggest to Piaget about younger children?

That they were not less knowledgeable, but thought differently than their older peers

What does this imply about human development, per Piaget?

That human development is qualitative (changes in kind) rather than quantitative (changes in amount)

What is a Schema?

The cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their environment

What is Assimilation (Piaget)?

The process of fitting new experience into an existing created schema

What is Accommodation (Piaget)?

The process of creating a new schema

What is Equilibration?

Achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (birth–2 years), Preoperational (2–7 years), Concrete Operational (7–11 years), Formal Operational (11 years and above)

What characterizes the Sensorimotor stage?

A child's initially reflexive grasping, sucking, and reaching becomes more organized in movement and activity; focuses on the senses and muscle movement

What kind of environment should be provided in the Sensorimotor stage?

A rich and stimulating environment with appropriate objects to play with

What is Object Permanence?

The ability attained in the Sensorimotor stage where a child knows an object still exists even when out of sight

What characterizes the Preoperational Stage?

Preschoolers represent the world symbolically

What is Symbolic Function (Piaget)?

The ability to represent objects and events

What is Egocentrism (Piaget)?

The tendency of a child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone else also has his same point of view

What is Centration?

The tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or event and exclude other aspects

What is Lack of Conservation?

The inability to realize that some things remain unchanged despite looking different

What is Irreversibility (Piaget)?

Pre-operational children's inability to reverse their thinking

What is Animism (Piaget)?

The tendency of the child to attribute human-like traits to inanimate objects

What is Realism (Piaget)?

Believing that psychological events, such as dreams, are real

What is Artificialism?

The belief that natural events are man-made

What is Transductive Reasoning?

Errors in cause-effect relationship

What characterizes the Concrete Operational Stage?

The child's ability to think logically but only in terms of concrete objects; covers the elementary school years