Studied by 8 people
society of righteous and harmonious fists
late 1890s
'100 Days Reform' when/who
1898, Guangxu
SYS' rev in 1895
failed
SYS made president of
New chinese republic, 25 Dec 1911
SYS elected by delegates from ___ rebel provinces in ___
16, Nanjing
boxer uprising
1900
revolution that overthrew Qing
1911
double 10th events
9 Oct 1911 - hankou rebels bomb
10 Oct 1911 - han soldiers in wuhan heard rumours of butchering han in next city, mutinied, killed machu officers
late nov - 15/18 prov in beijing = independent from Qing
in ____, Yuan needed a loan of _____
1913, $100m
_______, Yuan forced to sign _______
May 1915, J's 21 demands
______, Yuan considered making himself emperor, so provs _____
Dec 1915, declared independence
in ______, news of T of V says ____________ be kept by J
May 1919, G concessions in Shandong
oppose T of V protest date and where
gov accepted T of V in
4 May 1919, 10,000 Beijing uni, Tiananmen square
+ strikes in >100 cities
1923
Chines com party made in _______ in _______
1921, Shanghai
USSR gave ch. com party _______ a year
$5000
new cult movement founded ______, by _______ who was a _______
1915, Chen Duxiu, professor at beijing uni
'new youth mag' (growing interest in NCM)
1917
creation of GMD
1912
re-creation of GMD
1919
warlord rule
1916-1927
warlord example: violence (1 man)
Zhang Zongzhang, 'dogmeat general', shandong, 'splitting melons'
creation of united front
1924
northern expedition
1926 - 27
GMD's 3 principles made CCP ok with united front because...
based on equality + socialism
_______(comintern agent) helped ________ create ________ in _______, ______
Borodin, SYS, Whampoa, Guangzhou, 1924
SYS died ______, CKS took over
March 1925
NRA in _________, had ___________ men
_________, had ___________ men (2 yr gap)
1926 - 100,000
1928 - 250,000
Borodin + _________ advised:
Galen, to surround + cut off warlord supplies
CCP _________ _________ __________ distributed propaganda
Farmers' Training Institute
United Front defeats warlords in
Last action: ________ in Manchuria accept GMD control after assassination of _____ by japs
Dec 1928
Zhang Xueliang, Zhang Zuolin
after U. Front defeats warlorads in dec, 1928, GMD declares itself _______ and moves the capital from beijing to ______
legal gov of china, Nanjing
CCP = popular. By ______, had _______ members
1927, 58,000
LW GMD figure
Wang Jing Wei
RW GMD figure
CKS
in _______, LW GMD + CCP attacked _________. CKS - needed pos relations with _______
Jan 1927, Western interests in Hankou/Nanjing, West
date of CCP strikes/protests in shanghai after shanghai massacres
March 1927
__________, White terror killed ________, but _______ escaped
12 April 1927, >5000, zhou enlai
CKS purged GMD of LW, and ______ fled to ______
Wang Jing Wei, Europe
in ________, ______ were killed (shanghai massacres)
Hunan, >250,000
Mao attempted to take _______ in ______ in ________. it was called the ___________, and was crushed by NRA
Nanchang, Jiangxi prov, Sep 1927
Autumn harvest uprising
CCP membership decreased to _______ after autumn harvest uprising. CCP fled to __________, and set up '_________' in ________
10,000, mountains of Jiangxi prov
Chinese soviet republic, 1928
______ tactics kept CCP safe during the first ____ campaigns
guerrilla, 4
following _____ campaign, success for GMD, Braun advised Mao to fight _______
5th, pitched battles
in pitched battles against GMD during campaigns CCP lost:
8000 men, at battle of Guanchang April 1934
during extermination campaigns, by _______ Reds had lost ___________ men and _____ of their Jiangxi territory, and were surrounded by ___________
Oct 1934, >60,000 men, 1/2 Jiangxi territory
14,000 GMD blockhouses
1st campaign
Oct 1930, 44,000 NRA, FAIL, Reds = guerrilla tactics
2 + 3rd campaigns
4th campaign
April + July 1931, 100,000 NRA, FAIL, difficult to identify CCP from peasants
FAILED early 1933
5th campaign new tactics?
_______ killed
CKS - turned to mil advisor Gen von seeckt
Sep 1933, new tactics - build up blockhouses, scorch earth SUCCESS
>1m peasants
for 5th campaign, _______ GMD built ______ road
>500,000, 11,000km
beginning of long march com escape on _____ with ______ communists. who commanded? how long did it take to break through blockhouses?
16 Oct 1934, 80 - 100,000 coms broke out of Jiangxi under command of Braun + Zhou Enlai
6 weeks
long march - crossed ____ river to reach city of _____ in ______
crossed Wu river, Zunyi, jan 1935
battle at _____ river in ____, Reds lost _______
Xiang, Dec 1934, 45,000
CCP conference where mao took over from Braun because...
Jan 1935, Zunyi, Mao made member of Politburo
Braun - predictable straight lines, too much equipment = slow
long march - in _________, ____ soldiers swung across ________ river on chains
May 1935, 22, Dadu
long march ended - stats
Oct 1935 - com base at yanan
<10,000 survived
-368 days
-9000km
-24 rivers, 18 mountain ranges
in great depression, ____ J factories closed
1/2
J invaded manchuria in _____ and installed ______ as emperor of '__________' in ______
1931, Puyi, Manchukuo, 1932
J invaded Shanghai in _______ and _______ fled city
1932, 200,000
who kidnapped CKS for 2 weeks
why
Zhang Xeuliang
- forced CKS to lead 2nd U. Front with GMD vs J
_______ to ________, J took Ch provs _____, ______ & ________
1933 - 1936, Rehe, Hebei, Chahar
double 7th events leads to war vs J
7 July 1937
Ch vs J troops marco polo bridge
J demanded Ch troops withjdraw from beijing
CKS ended appeasement + declared war
Mao won over yanan peasants x2
rent controls, interest free loans
CCP banned x3 and introduced x1
foot binding, prostitution, selling women
women's associations
1935 CCP slogan
'Ch do not fight Ch'
by 1945, CCP had _______ members + _________ in army
1.2m, 800,000
100 regiments offensive
1940 - 400,000 troops destroyed 1000km railways + captured J
1941 - Japan retaliation campaign
3 all campaign
by 1945 CCP controlled
300,000 square miles
95m people
across 19 'liberation areas'
in _______, CKS attacked red army and killed/captured ______
1941, 10,000
Ichigo offensive
1944
a bombs dropped on J
6 + 9 aug 1945 , Hiroshima + Nagasaki
1938 - 1943, GMD at Chonqing suffered from ______
268 air raids
GMD taxes took ________
>1/2 peasants' income
GMD new currency introduced in _______ led to high inflation by 1945. By 1947, inflation was ________%
1938, 3000%
US entered war date + invested ________
Dec 1941, >$1b
________ to _________, US island-hopping = threat
1942-1945
_______ Ch died in WW2
15-20m
1937-1938, J took
Beijing, shanghai, nanjing, wuhan, guangzhou
rape of nanjing
dec 1937 - jan 1938
300,000 killed
20,000 raped
J army overstretched in ______
late 1938
by __________, _____ out of ______ J divisions = in china
Dec 1941, 34, 50
GMD - _____ CCP - _________ after J surrender
S + C, N + NE
US airlifted _______ GMD troops to Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing
80,000
GMD vs CCP civil war
1946-1949
CKS + Mao met _____ at ________. CKS accompanied by US ambassador ________. any agreement?
Chonqing, Oct 1945, Hurley, no agreement
Truman sent ______ in ______
gen marshall, 1945
GMD + CCP ceasefire before civil war
Jan 1946
Mao ignored stalin's request to withdraw from Manchuria - he took ________ & __________. By ________ they were in civil war
Harbin, J weapons
July 1946
By 1949 PLA had _____ men
4m
how Mao won over peasants during civil war
took from landlords and gave to poor peasants
1m landlords murdered
Mao - ordered Lin Bao what in Nov 48
not to wait for reinforcements and attack Xuzhou quickly
without reinforcements, Mao made up an army of ______ men using NRA deserters to attack _____
1m, Xuzhou
successful attack on xuzhou
10 jan 1949 by lin bao, CKS surrendered
nō NRA troops at Xuzhou before reinforcements
800,000
CKS' commanders told him he could no longer hold town + should retreat in ______
he refused
after lin bao attacked in ______, _________ NRA were killed/taken prisoner
Dec 1948, Jan 1949, 500,000
New constitution _____, what was it in theory?
In practice dictatorship of Mao and Politburo of ___ men.
1954, China a democratic country where adults elect provincial congress and National People’s Congress as well as President and State Council
20
____ other parties in 1949, all repressed by _____
10, 1952
number of ex-GMD executed 1950-51
1m
PLA killed _____ “bandits” by _____
100,000
1953
PLA reunification campaigns date
Where?
______ GMD sympathisers killed in _______
1950-51
Tibet, Xinjiang and Guandong
65,000 in Guangzhou
Note
Flashcard