History Test 1

What are the 4 C's of history?

Context, Chronology, Causation, Confirmation

Name three Mesopotamian Gods.

Three Mesopotamian Gods are Anu (the sky god), Enlil (the god of wind and storms), and Ishtar (the goddess of love and war).

Name three Egyptian Pharaohs.

Ramses II, Tutankhamun, and Cleopatra VII.

Name three Egyptian Gods (not Pharaohs).

Three Egyptian Gods are Osiris (god of the afterlife), Isis (goddess of magic and motherhood), and Horus (god of the sky).

What are four calendar systems and their civilizations?

1. Gregorian Calendar - Western civilization; 2. Julian Calendar - Roman civilization; 3. Islamic Calendar - Islamic civilization; 4. Hebrew Calendar - Jewish civilization.

What are the Twelve Tribes of Israel?

The Twelve Tribes of Israel are Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Joseph, and Benjamin.

What are four factors of life in the Ancient World?

Four factors of life in the Ancient World include environment, agriculture, social structure, and technology.

What were four achievements of the Assyrians?

libraries, military strategy, maps, and a postal system.

Name three inventions of the Phoenicians.

the alphabet, purple dye, and glassblowing.

Name three inventions of the Egyptians.

papyrus, surgical tools, the water clock

Name three inventions of the Mesopotamians.

the wheel, cuneiform writing, and the plow.

Name three inventions of the Babylonians.

Three inventions of the Babylonians are the base-60 number system, the concept of zero, and advanced astronomy.

What does the word history mean?

History refers to the study of past events, particularly in human affairs.

Who is considered the Father of History in the West?

Herodotus is considered the Father of History in the West.

What was Herodotus's question about history?

Herodotus asked how and why events happened, especially the causes of conflicts.

What are the Five Big Questions in history?

The Five Big Questions are: 1. What happened? 2. Why did it happen? 3. Who was involved? 4. What were the consequences? 5. How do we know?

What is epistemology?

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, its nature, sources, and limits.

What are the levels of history?

The levels of history include personal history, family history, community history, national history, and global history.

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary source?

A primary source is an original document or firsthand account, while a secondary source interprets or analyzes primary sources.

Give an example of a primary source.

An example of a primary source is a diary or letter written by an individual during a historical event.

Give an example of a secondary source.

An example of a secondary source is a history book that analyzes and discusses events based on primary sources.

Define numismatics.

the study and collection of money, especially coins.

Define epigraphy.

The study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; Used to anaylize ancient text

What does 'post hoc, propter hoc' mean?

Because after something happens, the first thing causes the second

What was a ziggurat?

A ziggurat was a huge temple in ancient Mesopotamia used for worshiping gods and showing the importance of religion and social rank.

How did ziggurats reflect the hierarchy?

Ziggurats showed social and religious hierarchy, with their height representing a connection between the gods and rulers.

Describe how slavery worked in the ancient world.

People were owned by others because of war, debt, or birth, and used for work or service.

Name three ways one could become a slave in the Ancient World.

War, Debt, Birth.

What were some of the different levels or circumstances of slavery?

Slavery varied from household servants with some rights to laborers working in harsh conditions with little to no rights, often depending on the society and the individual's circumstances.

Give three characteristics of the Code of Hammurabi.

Rules for daily life, punishments based on social class, provide justice and prevent revenge

Who created the Code of Hammurabi?

It was created by Hammurabi, the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, around 1754 BCE.

Describe the differences in the law codes of Mesopotamia and the Hebrews.

Mesopotamian laws were stricter and based on social class, while Hebrew laws focused more on morality and helping the community through a covenant with God.

How was the Code of Hammurabi designed to limit vengeance?

Included specific punishments for crimes, aiming to prevent excessive retaliation by establishing proportional justice.

What are the Creation stories for Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and China?

Each culture has unique creation myths: Egypt's involves gods like Atum, Mesopotamia features the Enuma Elish, Greece includes the Titan Cronus, and China often cites Pangu.

How is the Genesis creation account different?

One powerful God, instead of mulitple gods figthing

What were the three major religious texts for Mesopotamia?

The three major texts are the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enuma Elish, and the Code of Hammurabi, each addressing themes of creation, heroism, and law.

What was the view of women in Mesopotamian myths?

Women were often depicted in dual roles, as both powerful goddesses and subservient figures, reflecting the complexities of gender in ancient society.

What caused the flood in Mesopotamian mythology?

The flood was seen as the gods’ anger, with Enlil sending the flood to wipe out humanity.

Describe the beliefs about the afterlife in Egypt.

Osiris would judge their soul and decide if they had eternal life or punishment

What were the two parts of the soul in Egyptian belief?

The Ka was the life force, while the Ba was the personality that could move between the living and the dead.

What was the Book of the Dead?

The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text containing spells and instructions for navigating the afterlife.

Who were the gods of judgment in the afterlife in Egypt?

The gods of judgment included Osiris, who presided over the dead, and Anubis, who guided souls and weighed their hearts against the feather of Ma'at.

What are the three major periods of Egyptian History?

The three major periods are the Old Kingdom (known for pyramid building), the Middle Kingdom (noted for literature and art), and the New Kingdom (famous for empire expansion).

Which dynasties in Egypt built the pyramids?

The dynasties that built the pyramids primarily include the Third Dynasty (Step Pyramid of Djoser) and the Fourth Dynasty (Great Pyramid of Giza).

Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt?

The first pharaoh of Egypt is traditionally considered to be Narmer (also known as Menes), who unified Upper and Lower Egypt.

Who was the last pharaoh of Egypt?

The last pharaoh of Egypt was Cleopatra VII, who ruled until the Roman conquest in 30 BCE.

Who was Hetepheres?

The wife of Pharaoh Sneferu and the mother of Pharaoh Khufu, known for her burial tomb discovered at Giza.

Why did the God-king idea develop in Egypt?

Pharaohs were seen as god-kings who connected the gods and the people, making their rule legitimate.

How were the gods viewed in Mesopotamia?

They were powerful and unpredictable, wanting offerings and worship

How were the gods viewed in Egypt?

In Egypt, gods were seen as benevolent and integral to the order of the universe, often associated with natural elements and the afterlife.

How did Egypt change the conquerors?

Egypt often influenced conquerors by integrating their gods and customs, leading to a blend of cultures and practices.

What caused changes in dynasties in Egypt usually?

By internal strife, foreign invasions, or shifts in power among noble families.

Who was Akhenaten?

Akhenaten was a pharaoh who changed Egypt to worship one god, Aten, the sun god.

What was radical about Akhenaten?

Akhenaten's radical change was the shift from polytheism to the worship of a single god, Aten, disrupting traditional religious practices.

What happened during Akhenaten's reign?

built a new capital, changed religion and art, but most changes were reversed after his death.

Who was Hatshepsut?

She was a female pharaoh known for her successful reign and many building projects

What happened to Hatshepsut?

Hatshepsut’s legacy was erased after her death, with her monuments damaged and her name removed from records.

Who was the Napoleon of Ancient Egypt?

The title 'Napoleon of Ancient Egypt' is often attributed to Ramesses II, known for his military campaigns and monumental building projects.

Which Pharaoh was assassinated by a harem conspiracy?

Pharaoh Ramesses III was assassinated by a conspiracy involving members of his harem.

Who was the first to build a step pyramid?

Pharaoh Djoser

Who was the Great Pyramid built for?

The Great Pyramid was built for Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) during the Fourth Dynasty.

When did the cult of Osiris & Isis begin to flourish?

During the Middle Kingdom and continued into the New Kingdom.

How was the Second Intermediate period different from the First?

First Intermediate = Egypt was divided.
Second Intermediate = Hyksos ruled Egypt.

How many women ruled Egypt in their own right?

4 women, Sobekneferu, Hatshepsut, Twosret, Cleopatra

Name two women who ruled Egypt in their own right.

Hatshepsut and Cleopatra VII are two prominent examples of women who ruled Egypt in their own right.

What does the term 'Bronze Age' mean?

A historical period characterized by the use of bronze tools and weapons, marking advancements in technology and society.

Describe the Mediterranean Sea in the Bronze Age.

The Mediterranean Sea was important for Bronze Age trade, cultural exchange, naval power, and spreading civilizations.

Name five empires/civilizations of the Late Bronze Age.

• Hittite

• Egyptian

• Mycenaean Greece

• Minoan Crete

• Babylonian

What were the distinctive elements of Phoenician culture?

Phoenician culture was known for its maritime trade, alphabet development, and polytheistic religion centered around nature and fertility gods.

What were the first two continents?

Asia, and Africa

What was the origin of their names?

Asia meant east, Africa meant the land of the afri

What was the most important colony for Phoenicia?

Carthage was the most important colony for Phoenicia

Who were the gods of the Phoenicians?

Baal, and Astarte

What are the origins of the myth of Atlantis?

Atlantis comes from Plato, who described a powerful civilization that sank into the ocean.

What was the original story of Atlantis?

a perfect society that angered the gods and was destroyed.

Who wrote the original story of Atlantis?

The original story of Atlantis was written by the philosopher Plato in his works 'Timaeus' and 'Critias.'

Where have people thought Atlantis might have been?

People have speculated that Atlantis might have been located in various places, including the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and Antarctica.

What problems/detrimental ideas has the myth of Atlantis been used for?

The myth of Atlantis has been used to promote ideas of lost civilizations, pseudoarchaeology, and sometimes as a justification for colonialism.

What was likely the point & the original foundation of the Atlantis story?

The point of the Atlantis story was to illustrate the dangers of hubris and moral decay, serving as a cautionary tale about the consequences of excess.

Who were the Sea Peoples?

The Sea Peoples were a confederation of naval raiders who attacked ancient Mediterranean civilizations during the Late Bronze Age.

What did the Sea Peoples do?

The Sea Peoples disrupted trade, invaded territories, and contributed to the collapse of several Bronze Age civilizations.

What was the Battle of the Delta?

The Battle of the Delta was a significant conflict between the Egyptians and the Sea Peoples, resulting in a decisive Egyptian victory.

What happened to Bronze Age society?

Bronze Age society faced widespread collapse due to invasions, natural disasters, and economic decline, leading to the transition to the Iron Age.

Why were the Hittites thought to be a myth for centuries?

Their ruins weren’t found until the 1800s.

What did the Hittites call themselves?

Nesilim

How/when were the Hittites uncovered?

The Hittites were uncovered in the early 20th century through archaeological excavations in modern-day Turkey.

Who united the Hittites?

King Hattusili I, who established the Hittite Empire around the 17th century BCE.

Which ruler fought the Egyptians?

The Hittite ruler Suppiluliuma I

What was the battle and results?

The Battle of Kadesh was fought between the Egyptians and Hittites, resulting in a stalemate and leading to one of the first recorded peace treaties.

What were the major contributions of the Hittites to Western Society?

Through advancements in ironworking, legal codes, and diplomatic practices.

What happened to the Hittites?

Eventually fell due to invasions and internal strife,

Give four reasons the Hebrews were considered weird in the Ancient World.

1) Their strict monotheism, 2) Unique dietary laws, 3) Social justice emphasis, 4) Distinctive practices like circumcision.

What was the Jewish exemption?

Allowed Jews to avoid certain Roman religious practices, instead to follow their own beliefs

Why did the Romans grant the Jewish exemption?

The Romans granted the Jewish exemption to maintain peace and stability within their empire, respecting the religious practices of a significant population.

Who created the term 'monotheism'?

The term 'monotheism' was popularized by theologians and scholars in the 19th century to describe the belief in one God, particularly in the context of Judaism.

How is Genesis different from the other Creation stories?

one God creates an orderly world, unlike myths with many gods and chaos.

What were the ramifications of Genesis for the Hebrews?

Genesis established a foundational narrative for the Hebrews, shaping their identity, beliefs, and understanding of their relationship with God.

What was different about justice and law among the Hebrews?

focused on morality, helping the community, and following God’s commands.

What three faiths claim Abraham as their father?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Where is the Temple Mount?

The Temple Mount is located in Jerusalem, considered a sacred site in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.