Biology Review and Cell Structure 연습

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic biology concepts, cell architecture, and the functions of various organelles based on the lecture notes.

Biology

The study of life.

Organism

A living thing that is made of cells, responds to stimuli, is able to grow and reproduce, uses energy via metabolism, and contains DNA or RNA as genetic material.

Metabolism

The sum of all the biochemical processes in the body.

Cell

The most basic structural and functional unit of life; it is the smallest part of an organism that is still capable of all of life's processes.

Eukaryotic Cells

Diverse cells found in plants, animals, fungi, and protista; in humans, there are believed to be more than 200 types of these specialized cells.

Organelles

Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like fluid inside of cells mainly made up of water that holds everything in place.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier known as a phospholipid bilayer that controls what goes in and out of the cell and is critical for maintaining homeostasis.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids with polar, hydrophilic heads that like water and non-polar, hydrophobic tails that are afraid of water.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Cytoskeleton

Threadlike fibers made of proteins (microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments) that support, maintain shape, motility, and regulate biochemical activities.

Centrosome

A structure composed of two centrioles referred to together.

Centrioles

Organelles made of microtubules that appear during cell division to help pull chromosomes apart during Anaphase.

Cilia

Short, numerous projections that move fluid across the cell's surface, functioning like tiny oars.

Microvilli

Short and numerous projections that are similar to cilia but do not move.

Flagella

Longer and fewer ($1$ to $3$) projections that move the entire cell through extracellular fluid.

Nucleus

The organelle that protects the DNA and controls the activities of the cell; it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores.

Chromatin

The threadlike form of genetic material (DNA) within the nucleus.

Chromosomes

Rodlike structures formed when chromatin condenses; human body cells have $46$ and human sex cells have $23$.

Genes

Sections of chromosomes that code for proteins.

Nucleolus

The center of the nucleus where ribosomes are formed.

Ribosomes

Organelles made of proteins and rRNA that make proteins; they can be located on the Rough ER or floating in the cytoplasm.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes and sacs with ribosomes on the surface that hugs the nucleus, makes proteins, and packages them for secretion.

Vesicles

Mini-carts that transport proteins around and out of the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network attached to the Rough ER that has no ribosomes; it makes lipids, modifies small molecules, performs glycogen degradation, and stores $Ca^{+2}$.

Golgi Apparatus

Folded and flattened membrane sacs that process, sort, and ship proteins where needed.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down food, bacteria, and old cell parts.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death which can be performed by lysosomes.

Vacuoles

Organelles used for storage of water, nutrients, and waste units.

Mitochondria

The site of cellular respiration; it breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy in the form of ATP.

Cristae and Matrix

The two main parts of the mitochondria: the folded inner membrane and the enzyme-packed fluid.