AHB Quiz 2 - Lecture 5 and 6

Extinction

a behavior that has been previously reinforced occurs and no longer results in reinforcement

the behavior stops occurring in the future

Behavior CAN still occur but reinforcement no longer follows the behavior

Law of effect

All operant behaviors that are reinforced will continue

examples of extinction

when TV remote stops working, we stop pressing the buttons

when ringing a doorbell and nobody comes so you stop ringing

when intervention stops working, patient stops doing it

social positive reinforcement

attention, toys, food

when someone makes a joke and nobody laughs

when a PT no longer adds attention when a child cries

social negative reinforcement

removal of demands/escape from demands

a client talks about something else other than doing her exercises

extinction: you tell them to do them

automatic positive reinforcement

sensory stimulation

when you scratch an itch

extinction: wearing a thick sweater

automatic negative reinforcement

pain reduction

scratching chicken pox

child hides pain inducing equipment

_________ of extinction between reinforcement types are the same but __________ are different

processes; procedures

R+

withhold reinforcing stimulus (ignore behavior)

R-

maintain aversive stimulus (dont ignore behavior)

positive social reinforcement

the behavior causes the individual to obtain social reinforcement

negative social reinforcement

The behavior causes the individual to avoid or escape from unwanted attention.

positive automatic reinforcement

self-administration adding stimuli & increasing future probability of similar bx's under similar circumstances

You taste salty caramel brownies for the first time and now you bake them all the time at home.

negative automatic reinforcement

self-administration removing stimuli & increasing future probability of similar bx's under similar circumstances

what is a problem with extinction for behavior maintained by automatic negative reinforcement?

social- we are providing reinforcement

autonomic- maintaining through environment

Extinction Burst

increasing in frequency/intensity of behavior

hitting an elevator button more when not working

side effects of extinction

extinction burst

response variability

aggression

emotional behavior

why might these side effects be useful to an organism?

to give options to organisms

factors influencing extinction

reinforcement schedule prior to extinction

delivery of reinforcement after extenction

reinforcement of functionally equivalent alternative behavior during extinction

consistent and frequent schedule of reinforcement example

vending machine

intermittent reinforcement example

raising hand and being called on by teacher

delivery of reinforcement after extinction can lead to:

can cause behavior to return

danger of more severe and more persistent problems

example of reinforcement of functional equivalent alternative behavior during extinction

behavior: child is breaking things at home to get attention

alternative: child says please play with me

be sure extinction is possible/feasible before recommending someone use it because could cause:

agression

breaking items

automatic reinforcement

preparation:

safe location

protective equipment

staff training

reinforcement an alternative behavior (DRA) =

functionally equivalent behavior

spontaneous recovery

behavior tends to reemerge in contexts similar to where it was previously reinforced

increases in negatively accelerated fashions over time

is incomplete

decreases with repeated extinction

steps to determine whether/ how to use:

collect data

identify reinforcer through functional assessment

eliminate reinforcer

consider schedule of reinforcement

reinforce alternative behavior

promote generalization and maintenance

collect data

how problematic is behavior?

did intervention work - need baseline

identify reinforcer through functional assessment

indirect

direct observation (correlational or descriptive)

direct-functional analysis (manipulate variables)

completely eliminate putative reinforcer

automatic reinforcer is HARD

lots of options

probably need lots of buy-in and training for consistency

consider schedule of reinforcement

how often

promote generalization and maintenance

generalization is behavior change persists across contexts

maintenance behavior change persists across time

generalization

requires EXT is implemented across all contexts and RFT alternative

maintenance

keep EXT in place where relevant