Arch/Assembly Exam 3

operating system

The ______ is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware.

utility

Facilities and services provided by the OS that assist the programmer in creating programs are in the form of _________ programs that are not actually part of the OS but are accessible through the OS.

ISA

The _________ defines the repertoire of machine language instructions that a computer can follow.

ABI

The ________ gives a program access to the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user instruction set architecture supplemented with high-level language library calls.

API

The ________ gives a program access to the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user instruction set architecture supplemented with high-level language library calls.

uniprogramming

A _________ system works only one program at a time.

job control lanaguage (JCL)

A _________ is a special type of programming language used to provide instructions to the monitor.

long-term

The _________ scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing.

short-term

The ________ scheduler is also known as the dispatcher.

physical address

A _________ is an actual location in main memory.

Thrashing

________ is when the processor spends most of its time swapping pages rather than executing instructions.

TLB

Virtual memory schemes make use of a special cache called a ________ for page table entries.

unsegmented unpaged memory

With _________ the virtual address is the same as the physical address.

page table

The OS maintains a __________ for each process that shows the frame location for each page of the process.

operating system

"The _________ is a program that manages the computer's resources, provides services for programmers, and schedules the execution of other programs."

application binary interface

"Three key interfaces in a typical computer system are: instruction set architecture, application programming interface, and ___________."

kernel

"The __________ , or nucleus, contains the most frequently used functions in the OS."

interactive

"In an _________ system the user/programmer interacts directly with the computer, usually through a keyboard/display terminal to request the execution of a job or to perform a transaction."

batch

"A _________ system groups the user's program with programs for other users and is submitted by a computer operator, with results being printed out for the user upon completion of the program. "

scheduling

Early computer systems presented two main problems: setup time and _____.

resident monitor

The portion of the monitor that must always be in main memory and available for execution is referred to as the __________.

multiprogramming

"The technique where memory is expanded to hold three, four, or more programs and switch among all of them is __________, (or multitasking)."

time-sharing

"In a _________ system multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals, with the OS interleaving the execution of each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation."

running

"The five defined states for a process are: new, ready, waiting, halted, and ________."

process control block

"Each process is represented in the OS by a ___________, which typically contains identifier, state, priority, program counter, memory pointers, context data, I/O status information, and accounting information."

real memory

"Because a process executes only in main memory, that memory is referred to as __________."

Segmentation

__________ allows the programmer to view memory as consisting of multiple address spaces or segments.

base address

"When the processor executes a process it automatically converts from logical to physical address by adding the current starting location of the process, called its __________, to each logical address."

Demand

_________ paging means that each page of a process is brought in only when it is needed.

10

The decimal system has a base of _________.

7

Which digit represents "hundreds" in the number 8732?

most significant digit

"In the number 3109, the 3 is referred to as the _________."

least significant digit

"In the number 3109, the 9 is referred to as the _________."

base 2

Numbers in the binary system are represented to the _________.

16

Hexadecimal has a base of _________.

DE1

The binary string 110111100001 is equivalent to hexadecimal __________.

binary

The _________ system uses only the numbers 0 and 1.

1010

Decimal "10" is __________ in binary.

A

Decimal "10" is _________ in hexadecimal.

nibble

Four bits is called a _________.

radix

Another term for "base" is __________.

5

Binary 0101 is hexadecimal _________.

decimal system

"In everyday life we use a system based on decimal digits to represent numbers, and refer to the system as the __________."

most significant

"In any number, the leftmost digit is referred to as the __________ digit because it carries the highest value."

least significant

The rightmost digit is called the _________ digit.

nine

"In the decimal system, _________ is the maximum value that a position can hold before it flips over into the next higher position."

positional

"In a __________ number system, each number is represented by a string of digits, each digit position i having an associated weight ri, where r is the radix of the number system."

binary

"The _________ system has only two digits, 0 and 1."

decimal

"In the _________ system, 10 different digits are used to represent numbers with a base of 10."

nibble

Binary digits grouped into sets of four bits are called a _________.

2

"To convert a number from binary notation to decimal notation, all that is required is to multiply each binary digit by the appropriate power of ________ and add the results."

10

The decimal system has a radix of _________.

hexadecimal digits

"Because 16 symbols are used, the notation is called hexadecimal, and the 16 symbols are the __________."

radix point

"Given ( . . . a3a2a1a0.a-1a-2a-3 . . . )r, the dot between the a0 and a-1 digits is called the ________."

10

"In the decimal system, ________ different digits are used to represent numbers with a base of 10."

0.256

(2 x 10^-1) + (5 x 10^-2) + (6 x 10^-3) represents the number _________.

100

(1 x 10^2) + (0 x 10^1) + (0 x 10^1) represents the number _________.

AND

The operand ________ yields true if and only if both of its operands are true.

OR

The operation _________ yields true if either or both of its operands are true.

NOT

The unary operation _________ inverts the value of its operand.

gate

A _______ is an electronic circuit that produces an output signal that is a simple Boolean operation on its input signals.

Read only memory

_____ is implemented with combinational circuits

Boolean algebra

The digital circuitry in digital computers and other digital systems is designed, and its behavior is analyzed, with the use of a mathematical discipline known as ______.

NOT

The basic logical operations of Boolean algebra are AND, OR, and _____.

gate

The fundamental building block of all digital logic circuits is the _______.

truth table

"Each gate is defined in three ways: graphic symbol, algebraic notation, and __________."

assert

To ________ a signal is to cause a signal line to make a transition from its logically false (0) state to its logically true (1) state.

combinational circuit

A ________ is an interconnected set of gates whose output at any time is a function only of the input at that time.

graphical symbols

"A combinational circuit can be defined by Boolean equations, truth table, and _________."

Karnaugh map

Consisting of an array of 2" squares representing all possible combinations of values of n binary variable, the _________ is a convenient way of representing a Boolean function of a small number (up to four) of variables.

multiplexer

The _________ connects multiple inputs to a single output.

counter

A ________ is a register whose value is easily incremented by 1 modulo the capacity of the register.

twos complement representation

The most common scheme in implementing the integer portion of the ALU is:

Twos compliment

__________ representation is almost universally used as the processor representation for integers.

sign extension

Moving the sign bit to the new leftmost position and filling in with copies of the sign bit is called _________.

sign-magnitude

In ________ representation the rule for forming the negation of an integer is to invert the sign bit.

Overflow

________ is when the result may be larger than can be held in the word size being used.

Multiplication

"__________ involves the generation of partial products, one for each digit in the multiplier, which are then summed to produce the final product."

mantissa

"Although considered obsolete, the term _________ is sometimes used instead of significand."

negative overflow

Negative numbers less than –(2 – 2^-23) x 2^128 are called _________.

negative underflow

Negative numbers greater than 2^-127 are called _________.

positive underflow

Positive numbers less than 2^-127 are called ________.

positive overflow

Positive numbers greater than (2 – 2^-23) x 2^128 are called _________.

Exponent overflow

__________ is when a positive exponent exceeds the maximum possible exponent value.

Exponent underflow

__________ means that the number is too small to be represented and it may be reported as 0.

ALU

The _________ is that part of the computer that actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

range extension

Extending the range of numbers that can be expressed by increasing the bit length is referred to as __________.

Fixed point

_________ representation is when the radix point is fixed and assumed to be to the right of the rightmost digit.

overflow

"If two numbers are added, and they are both positive or both negative, then _________ occurs if and only if the result has the opposite sign."

Subtraction

“To subtract one number from another, take the twos complement of the subtrahend and add it to the minuend” is the _________ rule.

partial remainder

"When the divisor is able to divide the number, a 1 is placed in the quotient and the divisor is subtracted from the partial dividend; the result is referred to as a ________."

Overflow

_________ occurs when an arithmetic operation results in an absolute value greater than can be expressed with an exponent of 128.

754

"The most important floating-point representation is defined in IEEE Standard _________, adopted in 1985 and revised in 2008."

extendable precision

IEEE 754-2008 defines an __________ format as a format with a precision and range that are defined under user control.

Rounding

__________ is when the result is put back into the floating-point format and the extra bits must be eliminated in such a way as to produce a result that is close to the exact result.